WEBVTT 00:00:00.840 --> 00:00:04.440 Welcome to this. 00:00:04.880 --> 00:00:08.800 Within the activities developed by the Doctoral School 00:00:08.800 --> 00:00:11.800 and within the European Doctoral Day. 00:00:11.920 --> 00:00:14.920 I would like to welcome you to this 6th Congress 00:00:14.920 --> 00:00:17.920 of the International Doctoral School. 00:00:17.920 --> 00:00:20.920 First of all, I wanted to thank you. 00:00:22.160 --> 00:00:26.160 I wanted to thank all of you for being here, 00:00:26.160 --> 00:00:30.640 both doctoral students and researchers. 00:00:30.800 --> 00:00:34.800 The coordinators, the doctoral programs, all of you 00:00:34.800 --> 00:00:38.800 involved in this, and particularly, of course, the 00:00:38.800 --> 00:00:41.920 doctoral school headed by its director. 00:00:41.920 --> 00:00:45.920 And of course, to José María Martel, who is vice president 00:00:45.920 --> 00:00:50.960 of the Council, particularly for Scientific and Technical Research. 00:00:51.000 --> 00:00:55.000 Thank you so much for being here with us and dedicating your time 00:00:55.000 --> 00:00:58.280 to us and being willing to give us the plenary session. 00:00:58.320 --> 00:01:02.320 And first of all, I'm going to give the floor to the person responsible 00:01:02.320 --> 00:01:06.320 for and the author of this entire meeting, who is the one who has truly 00:01:06.320 --> 00:01:10.080 brought it to fruition and who is so successfully leading our International 00:01:10.080 --> 00:01:11.960 Doctoral School forward. 00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:13.360 Mariluz, please. 00:01:13.360 --> 00:01:15.240 Thank you very much, Vice-Rector. 00:01:15.240 --> 00:01:19.240 Well, the Vice-Rector has already given the welcome, but please allow me, on 00:01:19.240 --> 00:01:23.080 behalf of the International Doctoral School of the Rey Juan Carlos University, 00:01:23.080 --> 00:01:26.080 to formally welcome you to this 6th Congress of the School. 00:01:26.520 --> 00:01:29.520 We also celebrate today the European Doctoral Day, May 13th. 00:01:29.560 --> 00:01:33.560 We have also joined a European network in which many 00:01:33.560 --> 00:01:37.560 institutions across Europe are celebrating this day, 00:01:37.560 --> 00:01:41.560 and on the European PhD website you can also find this 00:01:41.560 --> 00:01:44.720 Congress as the activity with which the Rey 00:01:44.720 --> 00:01:47.720 Juan Carlos University is celebrating it today. 00:01:48.320 --> 00:01:52.320 Well, you know very well because you are now in the middle of 00:01:52.320 --> 00:01:56.320 developing a doctoral thesis, that research is fundamental 00:01:56.320 --> 00:02:00.320 and that especially today, the generation of knowledge, 00:02:00.320 --> 00:02:04.320 and not only the generation, but the transfer of it, becomes 00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:09.560 the fundamental axis of all economic progress, social progress in general. 00:02:09.560 --> 00:02:13.560 In this sense, doctoral studies are not only the 00:02:13.560 --> 00:02:17.560 culmination of the highest level of training that 00:02:17.560 --> 00:02:21.560 can be acquired, but through research, the aim is 00:02:21.560 --> 00:02:24.640 precisely to transfer to society all of 00:02:24.640 --> 00:02:27.640 the ideas you present in your doctoral theses. 00:02:27.800 --> 00:02:31.800 That's why we think meetings like this are very positive, because 00:02:31.800 --> 00:02:35.800 they undoubtedly help you to spread the word and also to make contact 00:02:35.800 --> 00:02:39.240 with other people who are in the same situation as you. 00:02:39.280 --> 00:02:43.040 The specific case of the International Doctoral Congress of the Rey Juan 00:02:43.040 --> 00:02:46.040 Carlos University brings together all branches of knowledge. 00:02:46.080 --> 00:02:48.520 As you will have seen in the program, which is a broad program, it is a 00:02:48.520 --> 00:02:49.760 complete 00:02:49.760 --> 00:02:52.760 program where all branches of knowledge are present. 00:02:52.760 --> 00:02:56.560 Please allow me to give you some data because we are very satisfied. 00:02:56.800 --> 00:02:59.800 We have achieved a fairly interesting success rate. 00:02:59.800 --> 00:03:03.800 We have received a total of 165 proposals for participation that will be 00:03:03.800 --> 00:03:07.800 developed; not all of them, because some were not selected, but they will 00:03:07.800 --> 00:03:10.880 be developed in poster format and in communication format. 00:03:10.920 --> 00:03:14.920 We have 250 registered participants, and there is a significant representation 00:03:14.920 --> 00:03:17.600 here now, but more will be arriving throughout the day, and it's all very 00:03:17.600 --> 00:03:18.960 interesting. 00:03:18.960 --> 00:03:22.040 82% of these proposals are from doctoral students and doctoral 00:03:22.040 --> 00:03:25.040 students from outside the Rey Juan Carlos University. 00:03:25.080 --> 00:03:28.840 In other words, we have opened a space, in this case to all of Spain, 00:03:28.840 --> 00:03:31.840 because we have doctoral students from all over Spain. 00:03:31.880 --> 00:03:36.280 Throughout the day we have prepared an intense academic program. 00:03:36.320 --> 00:03:40.320 First, there will be a plenary presentation by the Vice President of 00:03:40.320 --> 00:03:44.320 Scientific and Technical Research of the Higher Council for Scientific 00:03:44.320 --> 00:03:48.320 Research, Dr. Martel, where he will provide us with his strategic vision 00:03:48.320 --> 00:03:51.320 on the development of the impact of the research career. 00:03:51.840 --> 00:03:52.720 Let's develop. 00:03:52.720 --> 00:03:55.240 After that, there will be a pause in the available program. 00:03:55.240 --> 00:03:59.240 We will develop seminars, knowledge programs taught 00:03:59.240 --> 00:04:03.240 by experts who will talk about methodologies, research 00:04:03.240 --> 00:04:07.960 tools, and scientific foundations in each of the disciplines. 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:09.800 There will be a seminar. 00:04:09.800 --> 00:04:13.640 Then you will all have to divide up among those seminars the one that interests you 00:04:13.640 --> 00:04:15.560 most. 00:04:15.800 --> 00:04:19.800 We have also prepared tables with presentations and desserts, 00:04:19.800 --> 00:04:23.080 which is really where the doctoral students make 00:04:23.080 --> 00:04:26.080 their contributions, the ones they have sent us. 00:04:26.160 --> 00:04:30.160 And as I was saying, beyond the data, this congress 00:04:30.160 --> 00:04:35.400 represents a space for meeting, collective learning and network building. 00:04:35.640 --> 00:04:39.640 And I will conclude by thanking all the 00:04:39.640 --> 00:04:43.200 people who have made this day possible. 00:04:43.360 --> 00:04:45.800 We've been working on this event for months. 00:04:45.800 --> 00:04:49.800 Firstly, to the doctoral students, both to the management team represented 00:04:49.800 --> 00:04:53.320 by the different sectors in the different areas and to the technical 00:04:53.320 --> 00:04:56.320 administrative staff in management and services. 00:04:56.360 --> 00:05:00.360 I would like to make a special mention of Gonzalo Viñuales and Alejandro, 00:05:00.360 --> 00:05:04.840 from the Administration and Services staff, who have dedicated many hours. 00:05:04.840 --> 00:05:08.840 But I would also like to thank, of course, the speakers, both in the plenary 00:05:08.840 --> 00:05:12.840 session and in the various seminars, the evaluators of the proposals who 00:05:12.840 --> 00:05:15.480 have also done a great job, the moderators of all the tables, and of 00:05:15.480 --> 00:05:16.840 course, 00:05:16.840 --> 00:05:20.320 also the doctoral students and PhD candidates who are the true protagonists 00:05:20.320 --> 00:05:22.080 of this day. 00:05:22.120 --> 00:05:26.120 I encourage you then to make the most of today, let it serve, as I say, 00:05:26.120 --> 00:05:29.280 as a meeting place and to continue building together 00:05:29.280 --> 00:05:32.280 and promoting the advancement of knowledge. 00:05:32.320 --> 00:05:33.040 Thank you so much. 00:05:39.920 --> 00:05:41.000 Thank you so much. 00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:42.200 Thank you very much, Mariluz. 00:05:42.200 --> 00:05:46.200 Well, she has reflected it well and I wanted to highlight some 00:05:46.200 --> 00:05:50.000 element that is closely linked to how we interpret the doctoral school at the 00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:51.920 university. 00:05:52.120 --> 00:05:56.120 The doctorate, as she so rightly said, is not just the final stage of an 00:05:56.120 --> 00:06:00.120 educational career, it is really the beginning of a professional 00:06:00.120 --> 00:06:03.240 activity that has an objective which is to transform, to truly transform the 00:06:03.240 --> 00:06:04.800 world. 00:06:04.840 --> 00:06:08.840 Any social change we want to have, any technological change, 00:06:08.840 --> 00:06:12.520 any element, is necessarily based on research, right? 00:06:12.560 --> 00:06:16.560 100% of it is developed and takes place from universities, 00:06:16.560 --> 00:06:20.560 but often that initial seed, that idea, sometimes a little 00:06:20.560 --> 00:06:24.560 absurd, has often been born in a university and often has been 00:06:24.560 --> 00:06:28.560 born from a young researcher in training, who are the ones who 00:06:28.560 --> 00:06:32.480 sometimes assume more risks, with an idea that they have. 00:06:32.480 --> 00:06:36.480 And we, as directors, sometimes take the risk on 00:06:36.480 --> 00:06:40.480 their own hopes and their own energy, because in the 00:06:40.480 --> 00:06:44.480 end, it is really the doctoral students who drive 00:06:44.480 --> 00:06:48.080 research and who truly have a greater impact. 00:06:48.320 --> 00:06:51.440 An important element of our university is that it changes, and that 00:06:51.440 --> 00:06:54.440 drive is really very transversal to all areas of knowledge. 00:06:54.480 --> 00:06:58.480 When one analyzes the Rey Juan Carlos University, one realizes that we are 00:06:58.480 --> 00:07:02.480 practically present in all areas: the humanities, the arts, legal sciences, 00:07:02.480 --> 00:07:06.480 economics—I could mention all the doctoral programs we have that cover 00:07:06.480 --> 00:07:10.480 everything from these aspects to the most technological and health sciences, 00:07:10.480 --> 00:07:14.000 and I am also grateful that they have given us the opportunity to have this 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:15.760 magnificent setting. 00:07:15.840 --> 00:07:18.160 And that's because the King Juan Carlos University is truly very cross-cutting 00:07:18.160 --> 00:07:19.320 with society. 00:07:19.320 --> 00:07:22.400 When one analyzes what the Rey Juan Carlos I University is like 00:07:22.400 --> 00:07:25.400 in the doctoral program, it is also a reflection of this. 00:07:25.440 --> 00:07:29.440 It is truly perhaps the university most for the people of Madrid 00:07:29.440 --> 00:07:33.360 and truly also open to the entire community, to everyone, to the entire 00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:35.320 country and beyond. 00:07:35.320 --> 00:07:39.320 We are opening our borders to incorporate more researchers in 00:07:39.320 --> 00:07:42.800 training from abroad and also established researchers. 00:07:43.160 --> 00:07:47.160 Within this effort there is one element that we are working on very 00:07:47.160 --> 00:07:50.960 intensely at the International Doctoral School, and that is 00:07:50.960 --> 00:07:53.960 adapting it to the circumstances we have right now. 00:07:54.000 --> 00:07:58.000 And one of the biggest circumstances is that we have a huge demand 00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:02.000 from doctoral students, and one of the first efforts we are making 00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:06.080 is to increase the number of students we admit into our programs. 00:08:06.120 --> 00:08:10.120 It is essential that all students who want to participate 00:08:10.120 --> 00:08:14.120 and all professors who want to lead can find in the doctoral 00:08:14.120 --> 00:08:18.120 school a forum to coincide with these interests of 00:08:18.120 --> 00:08:22.320 development, training and professional development. 00:08:22.400 --> 00:08:26.400 And that's what we want to do, provide this and gradually 00:08:26.400 --> 00:08:29.680 adapt our structures to the circumstances 00:08:29.680 --> 00:08:32.680 and to our capacity to keep developing. 00:08:34.520 --> 00:08:35.600 The students. 00:08:35.600 --> 00:08:38.680 You know that a doctoral thesis is a complex step; it's a marathon, not a 00:08:38.680 --> 00:08:40.240 sprint. 00:08:40.360 --> 00:08:42.680 One either finishes or doesn't have a degree, doesn't have a master's degree. 00:08:42.680 --> 00:08:46.680 And now suddenly you say now comes a very long period 00:08:46.680 --> 00:08:51.040 too, like all the stages that require a lot of effort. 00:08:51.040 --> 00:08:55.040 In the end, I believe it produces great satisfaction, and 00:08:55.040 --> 00:08:59.040 our goal within the doctoral school and within the university 00:08:59.040 --> 00:09:02.560 itself is that the challenge and the struggle are 00:09:02.560 --> 00:09:05.560 found above all in the scientific aspects. 00:09:05.560 --> 00:09:09.560 We will try to roll out the red carpet for everything else so that you 00:09:09.560 --> 00:09:13.560 can do it with as much ease as possible within this very complex 00:09:13.560 --> 00:09:17.480 environment in which we have to operate, and which, well, sometimes limits 00:09:17.480 --> 00:09:19.440 everything we would like to do. 00:09:19.480 --> 00:09:23.480 But well, what I also want is for it to have a favorable environment, 00:09:23.480 --> 00:09:26.920 and I think these days are this particular day. 00:09:26.920 --> 00:09:30.920 I think it's an excellent place for you to do that, so you can see, compare, 00:09:30.920 --> 00:09:34.760 and receive information from people who have already done that work. 00:09:34.760 --> 00:09:38.760 We were all there not too long ago, or maybe a little 00:09:38.760 --> 00:09:42.480 longer, but it's etched in our memories. 00:09:42.480 --> 00:09:45.160 Those stages in life, in life that truly leave their mark on you. 00:09:45.160 --> 00:09:49.160 You don't mention when I was in high school, when I was in 00:09:49.160 --> 00:09:53.160 college, when I did my thesis, enjoying it and finding in us 00:09:53.160 --> 00:09:56.320 companions for everything you want to develop 00:09:56.320 --> 00:09:59.320 and to help and accompany you in this development. 00:09:59.360 --> 00:10:02.920 So none of that, just that this Congress, this day, 00:10:02.920 --> 00:10:05.920 be productive and enriching for everyone. 00:10:05.960 --> 00:10:08.880 And that's all, thank you and welcome to this day. 00:10:18.040 --> 00:10:20.640 Let's begin then with the plenary presentation. 00:10:20.640 --> 00:10:24.160 I am going to give a brief introduction of the 00:10:24.160 --> 00:10:27.160 speaker, José María Martel Berrocal. 00:10:27.200 --> 00:10:30.200 He is a prominent researcher in the field of mathematics. 00:10:30.480 --> 00:10:33.440 He currently holds senior management responsibilities in the Spanish 00:10:33.440 --> 00:10:34.960 scientific system. 00:10:34.960 --> 00:10:38.960 As Vice President of Scientific and Technical Research at the 00:10:38.960 --> 00:10:42.960 Spanish National Research Council, I assumed strategic 00:10:42.960 --> 00:10:46.960 responsibilities related to the planning, coordination and 00:10:46.960 --> 00:10:51.000 development of science policy, as well as promoting research careers in Spain. 00:10:51.000 --> 00:10:55.000 With a PhD in Mathematical Sciences from the Autonomous University of Madrid, 00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:57.640 he has developed a solid and recognized scientific career in the field of 00:10:57.640 --> 00:10:59.000 harmonic 00:10:59.000 --> 00:11:02.360 analysis, equations, partial differential equations and the geometric theory of 00:11:02.360 --> 00:11:04.040 measure. 00:11:04.040 --> 00:11:08.040 In 2005 he joined the CSIC as a Ramón y Cajal researcher, becoming part of 00:11:08.040 --> 00:11:12.040 its staff as permanent personnel in 2008 and in 2013 he was distinguished 00:11:12.040 --> 00:11:16.040 with a piano publishing console and is a research professor at the Institute 00:11:16.040 --> 00:11:20.040 of Mathematical Sciences, where he has held the positions of vice-rector 00:11:20.040 --> 00:11:23.080 and director and has also been director of the Center for 00:11:23.080 --> 00:11:26.080 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics of the CSIC. 00:11:26.320 --> 00:11:30.320 His profile combines extensive experience in cutting-edge research 00:11:30.320 --> 00:11:34.320 with deep knowledge of the scientific system and career paths in the 00:11:34.320 --> 00:11:38.320 field of and more, making him a particularly authoritative voice to 00:11:38.320 --> 00:11:41.520 address the challenges and opportunities of the research career in the current 00:11:41.520 --> 00:11:43.160 context. 00:11:43.200 --> 00:11:47.200 Chema, we want to expressly thank you for agreeing to 00:11:47.200 --> 00:11:51.200 participate in giving this plenary presentation. 00:11:51.800 --> 00:11:55.800 First of all, let me begin by thanking you for the 00:11:55.800 --> 00:11:59.800 invitation and thanking the Vice-Rector, Director 00:11:59.800 --> 00:12:04.360 Mariluz, and Joaquín for the opportunity and their kind words. 00:12:04.400 --> 00:12:07.640 It is certainly a pleasure to be able to 00:12:07.640 --> 00:12:10.640 participate here today with you all in this. 00:12:11.080 --> 00:12:15.080 In this opening conference of this 00:12:15.080 --> 00:12:19.200 International Doctoral School in. 00:12:20.400 --> 00:12:24.280 As I said in the presentation, I am a researcher, I am a mathematician who has 00:12:24.280 --> 00:12:26.240 spent many years studying mathematics. 00:12:26.240 --> 00:12:28.880 But it is true that in recent years I started a bit with the management aspect 00:12:28.880 --> 00:12:30.240 by directing 00:12:30.240 --> 00:12:32.880 the Institute of Mathematical Sciences on the campus of the Autonomous University 00:12:32.880 --> 00:12:34.240 and 00:12:34.240 --> 00:12:37.120 lately I dedicate myself more to management from the vice-presidency of 00:12:37.120 --> 00:12:40.000 the CSIC and I have very little time left to do mathematics. 00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:43.000 Virtually none, but I'll do math again. 00:12:43.160 --> 00:12:45.240 I think she was saying it. 00:12:45.240 --> 00:12:45.960 Joaquín said. 00:12:45.960 --> 00:12:49.960 It is true that we researchers have this internal thing 00:12:49.960 --> 00:12:53.960 that drives us, we are driven by science, we are driven 00:12:53.960 --> 00:12:58.800 by curiosity, we are driven by knowledge and we all enjoy what we do. 00:12:59.560 --> 00:13:00.320 I'm going to. 00:13:01.560 --> 00:13:04.560 When I was thinking a bit about how to approach 00:13:04.560 --> 00:13:07.560 this conference, I wanted two things. 00:13:07.720 --> 00:13:11.720 One is, firstly, that it might serve a little as motivation for those of 00:13:11.720 --> 00:13:15.400 you in the front rows, who already come from the world of research. 00:13:15.440 --> 00:13:18.040 Nothing I'm about to say will surprise us. 00:13:18.040 --> 00:13:21.440 But of course, there are many young people here, some of whom have been 00:13:21.440 --> 00:13:24.440 working on their theses for a short time, others for a longer time. 00:13:24.480 --> 00:13:28.480 And well, it's true that it's always good, or I've always 00:13:28.480 --> 00:13:32.280 liked, to learn from others or to look at the science career from another point of 00:13:32.280 --> 00:13:34.200 view. 00:13:34.200 --> 00:13:38.200 So my idea is, in the first half, to talk a little about the 00:13:38.200 --> 00:13:43.040 research career, and when we talk about the research career, we'll see. 00:13:43.040 --> 00:13:45.440 We need to think about the research career, a bit about the big picture and 00:13:45.440 --> 00:13:46.640 not so 00:13:46.640 --> 00:13:49.640 much about the academic career, which is only one of the options. 00:13:49.800 --> 00:13:52.040 Partly because of how we do science? 00:13:52.040 --> 00:13:54.240 He does a little more thinking. And then 1/2. 00:13:54.240 --> 00:13:58.240 Since I come from the CSIC and I have to talk a little about my book, I will 00:13:58.240 --> 00:14:02.240 talk a little about the CSIC and the opportunities that the Higher Council 00:14:02.240 --> 00:14:06.680 for Scientific Research presents in order to be able to pursue research careers. 00:14:09.240 --> 00:14:10.840 I think we all have them today. 00:14:10.840 --> 00:14:14.840 Of course science exists, science is transforming the world, artificial 00:14:14.840 --> 00:14:18.080 intelligence is transforming everything, but especially science. 00:14:18.080 --> 00:14:22.080 For example, you can have a mammogram and artificial intelligence 00:14:22.080 --> 00:14:27.200 is being used to detect micro tumors that a human eye could no longer see. 00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:31.200 Or one can think of the COVID vaccine, which was a 00:14:31.200 --> 00:14:35.200 significant scientific breakthrough based on 00:14:35.200 --> 00:14:38.560 accumulated knowledge, as we will see below. 00:14:38.560 --> 00:14:42.560 One can think of the beloved or desired quantum computing, 00:14:42.560 --> 00:14:46.560 which is being worked on, quantum communications, nuclear 00:14:46.560 --> 00:14:50.560 fusion as an unlimited source, and see having genetic editing 00:14:50.560 --> 00:14:54.560 that allows us to have a genetically modified organism that 00:14:54.560 --> 00:14:58.560 has to do with the development of vaccines, even with making 00:14:58.560 --> 00:15:04.040 agricultural products much more sustainable, much more resilient. 00:15:04.480 --> 00:15:08.480 The energy transition, all the research being done on new sustainable 00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:12.480 energy developments, the developments, the robots that are here in Spain, 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:15.960 you don't see many robots, but if you go to countries like China 00:15:15.960 --> 00:15:18.960 and Japan, they are already interacting in many places. 00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:21.720 Climate change or the climate emergency. 00:15:21.720 --> 00:15:25.720 I really like to call it a long-term investigation by people who have 00:15:25.720 --> 00:15:29.720 been researching and warning that this is coming, and materials 00:15:29.720 --> 00:15:32.800 development, global health, space exploration. 00:15:32.840 --> 00:15:36.840 In other words, I believe that science has always played a very important 00:15:36.840 --> 00:15:39.840 role in history, changing the course of human history. 00:15:39.840 --> 00:15:43.640 But in recent years we can see how science is transforming the world in a 00:15:43.640 --> 00:15:45.560 radical way. 00:15:45.600 --> 00:15:47.920 But there is not only a transformation from a technological point of view, in 00:15:47.920 --> 00:15:49.080 terms 00:15:49.080 --> 00:15:52.080 of the developments it makes, but it also transforms us as a society. 00:15:52.080 --> 00:15:56.080 For example, we can now state that life 00:15:56.080 --> 00:16:01.760 expectancy has increased by six years since 2000. 00:16:01.800 --> 00:16:05.800 This is because there is science behind it, because we have increasingly better 00:16:05.800 --> 00:16:08.920 hospitals, better medicines, better care that makes us better. 00:16:08.960 --> 00:16:12.480 Vaccines prevent 5 million deaths a year. 00:16:12.520 --> 00:16:15.160 Behind the development of vaccines and many years of research, from the first 00:16:15.160 --> 00:16:16.520 vaccines 00:16:16.520 --> 00:16:19.160 to those we have recently had, such as the COVID vaccine, we can talk about how 00:16:19.160 --> 00:16:20.520 an 00:16:20.520 --> 00:16:23.520 improvement in the quality of people's lives has been achieved. 00:16:23.560 --> 00:16:26.320 We can also talk about communications. 00:16:26.320 --> 00:16:29.560 Communications are moving at an astonishing speed. 00:16:29.680 --> 00:16:32.480 Nowadays we all carry a mobile phone. 00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:34.720 Sure, what are you guys doing now? 00:16:34.720 --> 00:16:35.600 Writing my thesis. 00:16:35.600 --> 00:16:37.640 When I started my thesis there was no telephone. 00:16:37.640 --> 00:16:40.000 Well, I don't know if there were mobile phones back then, I didn't have a mobile 00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:42.360 phone, I was already a bit older when that happened. 00:16:42.360 --> 00:16:46.360 Nowadays we all carry a mobile phone, we communicate 00:16:46.360 --> 00:16:51.200 instantly, we search instantly and we have information in real time. 00:16:51.200 --> 00:16:56.920 Robots and drones are being developed that can assess from space by color. 00:16:56.960 --> 00:17:00.960 Whether there are pests where fertilizers should be applied or not, we are talking 00:17:00.960 --> 00:17:04.160 about precision agriculture, autonomous vehicles, and smart mobility that reduces 00:17:04.160 --> 00:17:05.760 emissions. 00:17:05.840 --> 00:17:09.840 Everything that is observed from space, that is, projects 00:17:09.840 --> 00:17:13.840 like Copernicus that allow us to act, allow us to prevent crises 00:17:13.840 --> 00:17:17.760 and allow us to see what is happening when there is, when there is a fire, 00:17:17.760 --> 00:17:19.760 robotic surgery. 00:17:19.760 --> 00:17:23.200 In other words, it's not just technological development, 00:17:23.200 --> 00:17:26.200 but also how science changes us as a society. 00:17:26.240 --> 00:17:29.880 But there is also another aspect that changes us as a person. 00:17:30.440 --> 00:17:34.440 When a society is scientifically cultured, scientifically trained, 00:17:34.440 --> 00:17:37.720 there is one very important thing which is critical thinking. 00:17:37.720 --> 00:17:41.720 When you receive or read a news story or watch a TikTok video, 00:17:41.720 --> 00:17:45.720 which is probably what you do, you have to use critical 00:17:45.720 --> 00:17:49.720 thinking to see if what you're seeing reflects reality or 00:17:49.720 --> 00:17:54.880 not, and this has a lot to do with the scientific knowledge behind societies. 00:17:54.880 --> 00:17:58.880 To be more democratic, to be more egalitarian, we need 00:17:58.880 --> 00:18:02.280 societies, we need societies that are formed. 00:18:02.280 --> 00:18:06.280 Scientific culture helps us understand how science exists within 00:18:06.280 --> 00:18:09.280 society, the association, the one we live in. 00:18:09.280 --> 00:18:13.280 Problems are becoming increasingly complex, and only 00:18:13.280 --> 00:18:17.280 through science can we solve them. This includes the problem 00:18:17.280 --> 00:18:21.280 of misinformation—that is, behind TikTok and Instagram, 00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:25.280 these videos that entertain us so much when we're 00:18:25.280 --> 00:18:29.280 scrolling—there's a lot of contamination, a lot of 00:18:29.280 --> 00:18:33.280 misinformation, deliberately created to change people's 00:18:33.280 --> 00:18:37.280 behavior and create a scientifically educated, scientifically 00:18:37.280 --> 00:18:41.280 literate society. This literacy, in the scientific sense, 00:18:41.280 --> 00:18:45.400 fosters critical thinking, which makes us better people. 00:18:45.400 --> 00:18:49.400 And a very important thing is that decisions must be made based on evidence, 00:18:49.400 --> 00:18:53.600 and there is almost always scientific evidence to support decision-making. 00:18:53.600 --> 00:18:57.600 When our politicians make a decision and a society has to be 00:18:57.600 --> 00:19:01.360 confined because of the coronavirus or in the case of hantavirus, what should be 00:19:01.360 --> 00:19:03.240 done? 00:19:03.240 --> 00:19:04.560 And what is the protocol? 00:19:04.560 --> 00:19:08.480 How long does a person have to incubate a disease? 00:19:08.520 --> 00:19:12.520 It's because there is scientific evidence behind the 00:19:12.520 --> 00:19:17.960 decisions, and scientists often work on recommendations for decision-making. 00:19:17.960 --> 00:19:21.960 Politicians make the decisions, but it's very good to think about 00:19:21.960 --> 00:19:25.520 and make science a part of those scientific decisions, 00:19:25.520 --> 00:19:28.520 because that will make us better as a society. 00:19:29.080 --> 00:19:33.080 And of course, if one wants to understand all this impact that science 00:19:33.080 --> 00:19:37.080 has on people, on society, on technological developments, then it is 00:19:37.080 --> 00:19:40.880 important to talk about what the cycle is, the cycle of science. 00:19:40.920 --> 00:19:44.000 Science is born from curiosity, and curiosity has always 00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:47.000 been born from it and will always advance from curiosity. 00:19:47.000 --> 00:19:49.640 Of course, one cannot think of the mRNA vaccine as if someone came one morning 00:19:49.640 --> 00:19:51.000 and said, 00:19:51.000 --> 00:19:54.440 "I'm going to make a learn vaccine," or not; this comes from much earlier. 00:19:54.440 --> 00:19:57.440 It doesn't come, for example, from thinking about what the... 00:19:57.480 --> 00:20:00.920 In other words, thinking about the fundamental 00:20:00.920 --> 00:20:03.920 elements we have in our lives, how a cell works? 00:20:03.920 --> 00:20:06.760 What is the simplest element that describes how a cell works? 00:20:06.760 --> 00:20:09.080 Genetic predisposition, DNA studies, RNA? 00:20:09.080 --> 00:20:12.800 And one might think that's simply a curiosity about how it works? 00:20:12.840 --> 00:20:15.600 In the case of quantum physics, one can think about how atoms work, how the 00:20:15.600 --> 00:20:17.000 universe works. 00:20:17.000 --> 00:20:20.600 These are questions of scientific curiosity, and fundamental 00:20:20.600 --> 00:20:23.600 research comes from that scientific curiosity. 00:20:24.920 --> 00:20:26.880 Sometimes it's called basic science. 00:20:26.880 --> 00:20:29.840 There's no need to make a distinction. That is, science is science, and there is 00:20:29.840 --> 00:20:31.360 good science and bad science. 00:20:31.400 --> 00:20:35.400 But there is a fundamental research that seeks not so much the 00:20:35.400 --> 00:20:38.840 solution, but to understand things, and that is fundamental. 00:20:38.840 --> 00:20:42.280 In other words, if you're researching, you can't think about developing 00:20:42.280 --> 00:20:45.280 a vaccine if you don't know what you're working with. 00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:48.560 One cannot understand how an ecosystem system works if one does not know how it 00:20:48.560 --> 00:20:50.240 is working. 00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:51.280 No, he can't. 00:20:51.280 --> 00:20:55.280 You can't think you have fiber optic communication and infrastructure 00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:59.000 if you don't know what communications are and how light propagates; 00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:02.000 that fundamental information is very important. 00:21:02.400 --> 00:21:06.080 We live in a world, an increasingly practical world, in which we all seek 00:21:06.080 --> 00:21:07.960 immediacy and often we don't. 00:21:08.080 --> 00:21:12.080 We don't stop to think that behind that immediacy there has to 00:21:12.080 --> 00:21:15.760 be an accumulated knowledge of history, which is what makes us, what makes us 00:21:15.760 --> 00:21:17.640 advance. 00:21:17.640 --> 00:21:21.160 Sure, these days we just tap our phones, open GPT Gemini for whatever, 00:21:21.160 --> 00:21:24.160 and it automatically tells you what's available. 00:21:24.160 --> 00:21:26.800 But of course, how much accumulated knowledge is behind it, and when that 00:21:26.800 --> 00:21:28.160 fundamental 00:21:28.160 --> 00:21:32.160 research is mature, when you start to see technological developments, there is 00:21:32.160 --> 00:21:35.960 not a technological development, but fundamental research behind it. 00:21:36.000 --> 00:21:40.000 And this is an important thing to keep in mind, because many times in the 00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.000 world we live in we find ourselves in this predicament of whether one does 00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:47.400 basic science or applied science; science is science, but it 00:21:47.400 --> 00:21:50.400 does not always have to be based on previous knowledge. 00:21:50.440 --> 00:21:54.440 There are technological developments, there are prototypes, there 00:21:54.440 --> 00:21:57.600 are demonstrators; that is, science evolves and there 00:21:57.600 --> 00:22:00.600 comes a point when science ends up impacting society. 00:22:00.800 --> 00:22:05.120 Doesn't all science that begins with curiosity impact society? 00:22:05.120 --> 00:22:08.400 For me, the best example is the photo of the black hole. 00:22:08.400 --> 00:22:10.920 I don't know if you've seen it in newspapers. 00:22:10.920 --> 00:22:13.680 At one point, a photo of a black hole was taken. 00:22:13.680 --> 00:22:15.080 Several teams participated. 00:22:15.080 --> 00:22:17.800 What's the point of this? None. 00:22:17.800 --> 00:22:19.600 What is the purpose of a photo of a black hole? 00:22:19.600 --> 00:22:22.400 Deep down it's useless, but it's very useful. 00:22:22.400 --> 00:22:22.720 Because? 00:22:22.720 --> 00:22:26.720 Because it helps us understand the universe, because it allows 00:22:26.720 --> 00:22:30.720 us to advance as humans in knowledge, and because, believe it or 00:22:30.720 --> 00:22:34.720 not, behind the picture of the black hole there is a lot of technology 00:22:34.720 --> 00:22:38.840 that has been developed that is useful to us in our daily lives. 00:22:38.840 --> 00:22:42.040 In other words, many of the advances, for example, GPS, first 00:22:42.040 --> 00:22:45.040 come from developments related to space exploration. 00:22:45.040 --> 00:22:49.040 So one might think that one should only do science, the kind that is useful and 00:22:49.040 --> 00:22:53.040 has an impact; one shouldn't do science on everything, and there are things 00:22:53.040 --> 00:22:56.800 that, even if they are useless, end up being useful, or there are things that 00:22:56.800 --> 00:22:58.720 never leave fundamental research. 00:22:58.720 --> 00:23:02.720 But as civilized people, as thinking beings, we have the 00:23:02.720 --> 00:23:06.720 obligation to advance on the frontier of knowledge and it 00:23:06.720 --> 00:23:12.560 always comes from a seed, it always comes from a curious question, from a question. 00:23:12.560 --> 00:23:16.560 There may be times when it's serendipity, but all scientific and technological 00:23:16.560 --> 00:23:19.840 advances always stem from the curiosity of a researcher. 00:23:20.360 --> 00:23:24.360 Science is changing and today, as I was saying, the problems we have are 00:23:24.360 --> 00:23:28.160 complex and when they are complex we have to give complex answers. 00:23:28.320 --> 00:23:32.000 What we have, and what is clearly visible today, is that science has to be 00:23:32.000 --> 00:23:33.880 multidisciplinary. 00:23:34.880 --> 00:23:38.880 Challenges such as global health, because global health 00:23:38.880 --> 00:23:42.880 requires everyone to work together, from chemists who design 00:23:42.880 --> 00:23:46.880 or work on drug design, to people who do biomedicine, who see 00:23:46.880 --> 00:23:50.880 how those drugs will act on people, to people in social sciences 00:23:50.880 --> 00:23:54.880 who study the impact of a disease on our residence, or people 00:23:54.880 --> 00:23:58.880 who study the spread of viruses or people who study how COVID 00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:02.000 was transmitted through surfaces. 00:24:02.000 --> 00:24:05.920 In other words, all of this involves putting different branches of science 00:24:05.920 --> 00:24:07.880 together to work towards the same goal. 00:24:07.920 --> 00:24:11.320 And if one talks about climate change, energy, food, 00:24:11.320 --> 00:24:14.320 technology, science is multidisciplinary. 00:24:14.360 --> 00:24:18.640 But that doesn't mean we all have to be multidisciplinary. 00:24:18.680 --> 00:24:21.960 Some are lucky enough to be so; there aren't many highly capable people who 00:24:21.960 --> 00:24:23.640 know everything and can do everything. 00:24:23.640 --> 00:24:27.280 But generally, science today is highly specialized. It's not about knowing 00:24:27.280 --> 00:24:30.280 chemistry, physics, mathematics, or some other artificial license. 00:24:30.400 --> 00:24:33.280 What I need to do is specialize and surround myself with multidisciplinary 00:24:33.280 --> 00:24:34.760 teams. 00:24:34.800 --> 00:24:36.560 And this is how science works. 00:24:36.560 --> 00:24:37.200 Science. 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:40.120 Today there are very important examples. 00:24:40.120 --> 00:24:40.600 All. 00:24:40.600 --> 00:24:43.920 For example, medical imaging devices. 00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:48.000 Behind medical imaging there are mathematical problems, there are 00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:52.000 physical problems with applications to the health field, and behind the 00:24:52.000 --> 00:24:55.640 development of biology is an example of multidisciplinary science. 00:24:56.000 --> 00:25:00.000 All biophysical microscopy processes. 00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:01.240 How does that work? 00:25:01.240 --> 00:25:05.240 Someone was telling me at a biology institute that when you get a cut, 00:25:05.240 --> 00:25:09.240 because the cut closes and your ear doesn't grow back, well, this is a 00:25:09.240 --> 00:25:13.240 study that requires knowing biology, but it also requires knowing 00:25:13.240 --> 00:25:17.240 physics, data science and materials science; that is, all the developments 00:25:17.240 --> 00:25:21.480 you can see there today require things that approach multidisciplinary. 00:25:21.480 --> 00:25:25.480 But as I say, it must be emphasized that this does not mean that we have to be 00:25:25.480 --> 00:25:29.480 multidisciplinary, but rather that we should surround ourselves with 00:25:29.480 --> 00:25:32.040 multidisciplinary environments and that great challenges require great 00:25:32.040 --> 00:25:33.320 collaborations. 00:25:33.360 --> 00:25:36.600 And that is also the title of that conference. 00:25:36.600 --> 00:25:40.120 Is it science or an international school? 00:25:40.160 --> 00:25:43.600 Science today, we can also say, is a global science. 00:25:43.720 --> 00:25:47.720 Of course, you guys now, going back a bit to those of us who are a few years 00:25:47.720 --> 00:25:51.720 old, when I started my thesis there was hardly anything to search for 00:25:51.720 --> 00:25:55.280 articles, they would send you the articles by email, you didn't 00:25:55.280 --> 00:25:58.280 ask for an email address, a library or they would send it to you. 00:25:58.320 --> 00:26:00.640 Today you want to find an item that is currently available. 00:26:00.640 --> 00:26:01.640 It's much easier. 00:26:01.640 --> 00:26:05.080 When I arrived there was already email, but I almost got the feeling. 00:26:05.080 --> 00:26:10.000 But some of you may not have even had email and work was done many years ago. 00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:11.960 Science was done by letter. 00:26:11.960 --> 00:26:16.360 Look at how communications, immediacy, and what it does to us today... 00:26:16.360 --> 00:26:20.240 So, even if you don't have to go that far, right? 00:26:20.280 --> 00:26:23.360 But before and after the pandemic, there was a change 00:26:23.360 --> 00:26:26.360 in the way we do science using videoconferencing. 00:26:26.400 --> 00:26:30.400 Well, before, nobody even considered going to an online conference, and 00:26:30.400 --> 00:26:34.040 nowadays we're surrounded by things you can connect to, what they're doing at 00:26:34.040 --> 00:26:35.880 Harvard, MIT, or wherever. 00:26:35.880 --> 00:26:40.840 So, nowadays science is global and also requires globality. 00:26:40.840 --> 00:26:41.200 Because? 00:26:41.200 --> 00:26:43.320 Because science is a collaboration of. 00:26:43.320 --> 00:26:44.600 We're not going back to the same thing. 00:26:44.600 --> 00:26:48.600 If one wants to move forward, one needs to have the best 00:26:48.600 --> 00:26:52.600 experts, and perhaps the best expert in computational 00:26:52.600 --> 00:26:57.360 biology is not here; he is in Valencia, or in Germany, or in China. 00:26:57.440 --> 00:27:00.240 So I think that nowadays it is very important to think that science, 00:27:00.240 --> 00:27:03.080 moreover, does not understand the boundaries of borders. 00:27:03.080 --> 00:27:06.680 These are restrictions that we, as democratic societies, impose on them. 00:27:06.680 --> 00:27:10.000 But science doesn't understand those boundaries. 00:27:10.600 --> 00:27:12.760 And it is also very important to remember that science is not done in just one 00:27:12.760 --> 00:27:13.880 house. 00:27:13.880 --> 00:27:17.840 There are many environments in which one can do science; we have the 00:27:17.840 --> 00:27:20.840 more academic environments, such as a university. 00:27:20.880 --> 00:27:24.880 I come from the same research background, but science is also 00:27:24.880 --> 00:27:28.880 done in hospitals and in public administration itself, which 00:27:28.880 --> 00:27:32.880 uses science to make decisions, and science is done in startups. 00:27:32.880 --> 00:27:35.880 In these companies that emerge from an innovative idea, science 00:27:35.880 --> 00:27:38.880 is done in companies or also in international organizations. 00:27:38.920 --> 00:27:41.800 The ecosystem is very varied, it is very diverse, and when we talk about 00:27:41.800 --> 00:27:44.720 scientific careers we have to keep in mind that the ecosystem is very varied. 00:27:44.720 --> 00:27:48.720 Now I'm going to talk a little bit about that, but no, one doesn't have to think 00:27:48.720 --> 00:27:52.160 that the only scientific career is the traditional career, and it's very 00:27:52.160 --> 00:27:53.880 important, a little bit. 00:27:53.880 --> 00:27:57.880 Returning to the topic of making it visible, if we are thinking about 00:27:57.880 --> 00:28:01.520 the impact that science often has on the lives of citizens, 00:28:01.520 --> 00:28:04.520 then today research and innovation go hand in hand. 00:28:04.720 --> 00:28:08.720 Many years ago, or not so many years ago, it seemed that the one who did 00:28:08.720 --> 00:28:12.720 research and innovation was the only one who stood out. But nowadays, 00:28:12.720 --> 00:28:16.720 everything is much more interconnected, and now research is not just 00:28:16.720 --> 00:28:20.720 about publishing papers, which is important, but also about patenting, 00:28:20.720 --> 00:28:24.720 protecting results, collaborating with companies, and providing advice. 00:28:24.760 --> 00:28:27.400 There are many ways: spin-offs are created, patents are obtained, 00:28:27.400 --> 00:28:28.760 applications 00:28:28.760 --> 00:28:32.760 are made, and technology is transferred. It is very important to remember that 00:28:32.760 --> 00:28:36.120 research and innovation is not just about investing, especially if it 00:28:36.120 --> 00:28:39.120 is a small amount, but rather that it is all part of the same process. 00:28:39.120 --> 00:28:42.520 Are there no lines where what is research up to this point becomes innovation? 00:28:42.560 --> 00:28:46.560 Things have to go hand in hand to truly advance, and 00:28:46.560 --> 00:28:49.600 scientific entrepreneurship is 00:28:49.600 --> 00:28:52.600 fundamental in the advanced society we have. 00:28:52.600 --> 00:28:56.600 Scientific entrepreneurship ranges from the discovery of 00:28:56.600 --> 00:29:00.680 ideas to their transfer, protection of results, and creation. 00:29:00.720 --> 00:29:05.720 Not all researchers have to end up creating a spin-off. 00:29:05.720 --> 00:29:09.720 Again, we can't think that we're all going to be experts in five things: write 00:29:09.720 --> 00:29:13.120 many very good papers, and create many very good companies. 00:29:13.120 --> 00:29:17.120 Everyone has to find their own space and it ends up having a bit of an impact. 00:29:17.120 --> 00:29:21.120 Today, and in many technologies such as technological advancement, 00:29:21.120 --> 00:29:24.320 public-private collaboration is very important. 00:29:24.320 --> 00:29:26.960 I believe that here, both from the university community and the research 00:29:26.960 --> 00:29:28.320 organizations, 00:29:28.320 --> 00:29:31.920 we are placing great importance on this public-private collaboration that also 00:29:31.920 --> 00:29:33.760 helps us move forward. 00:29:34.440 --> 00:29:38.080 One of the simplest examples is the topic of clinical trials. 00:29:38.080 --> 00:29:41.080 A clinical trial is impossible for one person to undertake 00:29:41.080 --> 00:29:44.080 alone; it is something that depends on public money. 00:29:44.200 --> 00:29:47.760 Because a clinical trial of any medicine costs so much 00:29:47.760 --> 00:29:50.760 money that a public system would be unable to do it. 00:29:51.120 --> 00:29:55.120 It's an example of collaboration where you leave the lab, 00:29:55.120 --> 00:30:01.040 end up working with mice, create models, and eventually conduct a clinical trial. 00:30:01.040 --> 00:30:03.440 There is a lot of public-private collaboration and many of the 00:30:03.440 --> 00:30:04.640 technological 00:30:04.640 --> 00:30:07.640 developments we see come from collaboration with business. 00:30:07.680 --> 00:30:08.160 Because? 00:30:08.160 --> 00:30:12.400 Because the company is a consumer of innovation and science, right? 00:30:12.400 --> 00:30:16.080 In other words, companies need to have good communications, companies need to 00:30:16.080 --> 00:30:17.960 have secure communications. 00:30:17.960 --> 00:30:21.960 For example, they used to bring up the topic of quantum computing, 00:30:21.960 --> 00:30:25.960 when quantum computing is actually all the algorithms used to 00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:29.960 encrypt our WhatsApp conversations, or when we pay with a credit 00:30:29.960 --> 00:30:33.960 card. These computers could corrupt them because they could make 00:30:33.960 --> 00:30:37.960 a comparison so fast that there's an algorithm that deals with 00:30:37.960 --> 00:30:41.880 breaking down a very large number into the product of two primes, 00:30:41.880 --> 00:30:44.880 which is impossible to do in real time today. 00:30:44.880 --> 00:30:47.600 Well, this can be done. 00:30:47.600 --> 00:30:50.000 Sure, you can say, well, they're going to steal my money. 00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.000 But of course, if we think about a large company like Telefónica, 00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:58.000 like Boeing, like Airbus or any of the large companies, if they 00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:01.640 suddenly get into your system and obtain all the information you have, you have a 00:31:01.640 --> 00:31:03.480 problem. 00:31:03.480 --> 00:31:07.480 In fact, right now, as it is already known that this is a reality, 00:31:07.480 --> 00:31:10.480 many, many times these hackers that you hear 00:31:10.480 --> 00:31:13.480 about are dedicated to what are called Arabs. 00:31:13.480 --> 00:31:17.480 In other words, you take all the encrypted information that you can 00:31:17.480 --> 00:31:21.120 decrypt in the future, and I take your phone and make a copy of it. 00:31:21.120 --> 00:31:23.880 It's useless to me now because you can't find it, but when tomorrow I haven't 00:31:23.880 --> 00:31:26.640 given you the quantum encryption, I'll have your entire past. 00:31:26.960 --> 00:31:30.960 This is a demand that companies and banks have; if they don't update their 00:31:30.960 --> 00:31:34.080 cybersecurity systems, they're going to have a problem, 00:31:34.080 --> 00:31:37.080 and so will we as a university and as a public body. 00:31:37.080 --> 00:31:39.840 In other words, we protect our knowledge. 00:31:39.840 --> 00:31:43.760 If we expose all our knowledge, what will happen to our patents? 00:31:43.760 --> 00:31:46.120 Therefore, we must also consider that the company is a... 00:31:46.120 --> 00:31:50.080 The company is a demanding technology company and also asks us 00:31:50.080 --> 00:31:53.080 scientific questions that we have to answer. 00:31:53.600 --> 00:31:56.120 But of course, science is all about this. 00:31:56.120 --> 00:32:00.120 Very nice, but science is done by people, it's done by those of 00:32:00.120 --> 00:32:04.640 us who are here now, some less, some more, you who are in your studies. 00:32:04.640 --> 00:32:05.200 Doctorate. 00:32:05.200 --> 00:32:08.680 Science is done by people, and in fact, the driving force of science is talent, 00:32:08.680 --> 00:32:10.440 and this is undeniable. 00:32:10.560 --> 00:32:14.560 And of course, that means we need curious people, 00:32:14.560 --> 00:32:18.080 creative people, people with a passion 00:32:18.080 --> 00:32:21.080 for discovery, a passion for work. 00:32:21.080 --> 00:32:22.960 Science requires a lot of work. 00:32:22.960 --> 00:32:25.920 We also need people who are in continuous training. 00:32:25.920 --> 00:32:29.920 In other words, science moves so fast that after a while you 00:32:29.920 --> 00:32:34.120 become outdated, so it has to be people who are constantly learning. 00:32:34.200 --> 00:32:38.640 We also need solid and sustainable scientific careers. 00:32:39.240 --> 00:32:43.240 Spain and Europe are currently experiencing, or have experienced, a 00:32:43.240 --> 00:32:47.360 golden age in science, with very stable careers and public investment. 00:32:47.360 --> 00:32:51.760 But those of us who are a bit older have seen critical moments for society. 00:32:51.760 --> 00:32:55.120 With the 2008 crisis, many of our scientists left for other countries 00:32:55.120 --> 00:32:56.840 because there were no opportunities here. 00:32:56.840 --> 00:32:59.880 Sure, that's a loss of talent that makes you stagnate, that is, lose your driving 00:32:59.880 --> 00:33:01.400 force. 00:33:01.400 --> 00:33:05.640 If you don't have someone to turn the ignition key, you can't drive the car. 00:33:05.640 --> 00:33:09.640 That's why it's so important to have stability in a scientific 00:33:09.640 --> 00:33:13.080 career, and a scientific career needs to be somewhat 00:33:13.080 --> 00:33:16.080 stable, as we need it to be part of the ecosystem. 00:33:16.200 --> 00:33:19.680 As we said before, science is done in many places; it is done 00:33:19.680 --> 00:33:22.680 here in universities, in research, in hospitals. 00:33:22.680 --> 00:33:26.680 We need an ecosystem that also allows the flow of people, because 00:33:26.680 --> 00:33:30.680 what is certain, and this is very clear in many places, is that it 00:33:30.680 --> 00:33:33.680 is not the best thing in the world to think that one 00:33:33.720 --> 00:33:37.120 I'm going to do my thesis here, King Juan Carlos, I'm going to do my postdoc, King 00:33:37.120 --> 00:33:38.840 Juan Carlos has become King Juan Carlos. 00:33:38.840 --> 00:33:42.680 Science works best when there is exchange and when there is a flow of people. 00:33:42.680 --> 00:33:45.320 That's why we need an ecosystem, as the phrase below says; without talent and 00:33:45.320 --> 00:33:46.680 without 00:33:46.680 --> 00:33:50.440 a commitment to sustainable scientists, nothing. Transformative science. 00:33:50.440 --> 00:33:51.560 And that's something we need to be clear about. 00:33:51.560 --> 00:33:54.760 And you are the driving force behind the transformation of science, of the years, 00:33:54.760 --> 00:33:56.360 of the years to come. 00:33:58.080 --> 00:33:59.360 And that's what I was saying earlier. 00:33:59.360 --> 00:34:02.440 The scientific career has changed a lot and is changing a lot. 00:34:02.520 --> 00:34:05.160 I think that if you look at the classic model, already a bit black and white and 00:34:05.160 --> 00:34:06.520 perhaps 00:34:06.520 --> 00:34:10.480 a bit old-fashioned, the classic model was one, he was finishing his career. 00:34:10.520 --> 00:34:12.000 I'm going to get good grades. 00:34:12.000 --> 00:34:15.560 You did your thesis, you went on a postdoc. 00:34:15.880 --> 00:34:18.520 It is true that at that time it was almost mandatory to leave Spain because 00:34:18.520 --> 00:34:19.880 otherwise they 00:34:19.880 --> 00:34:23.000 were not going to let you return and you would end up as a teacher, or at a 00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:24.600 university, or at a research center. 00:34:24.600 --> 00:34:28.600 And this was practically the career path for 90% of the people who 00:34:28.600 --> 00:34:32.600 fell by the wayside, which is a business and many times it was seen 00:34:32.600 --> 00:34:36.240 almost as a failure and I had to leave research to go work in a bank. 00:34:36.320 --> 00:34:40.080 Today this is completely different, because a scientific career is much more 00:34:40.080 --> 00:34:41.960 than an academic career. 00:34:41.960 --> 00:34:45.720 There are careers in the academy and you have to pursue careers in the academy. 00:34:45.760 --> 00:34:46.760 This is fundamental. 00:34:46.760 --> 00:34:49.760 In other words, the professors who teach at 00:34:49.760 --> 00:34:52.760 universities are scientists and have to be scientists. 00:34:52.760 --> 00:34:56.240 Well, to give good classes, there have to be people who... 00:34:56.280 --> 00:34:58.920 In other words, we cannot think that if there is no basic research being done in 00:34:58.920 --> 00:35:00.280 research 00:35:00.280 --> 00:35:03.280 centers, the university will be nothing, because a company is not 00:35:03.280 --> 00:35:06.280 going to invest in basic research because it is not profitable. 00:35:06.280 --> 00:35:09.960 So there has to be an academic career, but there are also careers of 00:35:09.960 --> 00:35:12.960 researchers who finish their thesis and go to a great company. 00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:15.280 We need to work to create researchers. 00:35:15.280 --> 00:35:17.000 They end up in companies. Why? 00:35:17.000 --> 00:35:20.360 Because that will make companies develop and innovate more because now we will 00:35:20.360 --> 00:35:22.080 talk more. 00:35:22.080 --> 00:35:25.000 Do you want to develop this capacity for innovation during your doctoral studies? 00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:26.880 There are also careers dedicated to management. 00:35:26.880 --> 00:35:29.720 I myself am now an example that I will leave management and return to doing 00:35:29.720 --> 00:35:31.160 science. 00:35:31.160 --> 00:35:33.800 But there are people who leave the scientific career and dedicate themselves 00:35:33.800 --> 00:35:35.160 to 00:35:35.160 --> 00:35:38.960 management, One of the leading funding agencies in Spain and the State Research 00:35:38.960 --> 00:35:41.960 Agency, which is the one that finances our future research. 00:35:41.960 --> 00:35:44.560 The agency's current director was a theoretical physicist. 00:35:44.560 --> 00:35:46.400 I think he was saying things, I don't know if about strings or something like 00:35:46.400 --> 00:35:47.360 that. 00:35:47.360 --> 00:35:50.080 At one point in his life he left medical research for management and he tells me 00:35:50.080 --> 00:35:51.440 so. 00:35:51.440 --> 00:35:55.080 That was a decision in my life to dedicate myself to management, wasn't it? 00:35:55.240 --> 00:35:58.840 In other words, there are alternative careers, there are careers 00:35:58.840 --> 00:36:01.840 that are not essentially academic, that are necessary. 00:36:01.840 --> 00:36:04.640 Some careers end up involving making political decisions. 00:36:04.640 --> 00:36:08.160 In fact, more scientists or political decisions are needed because of how we 00:36:08.160 --> 00:36:09.920 have our minds furnished. 00:36:10.280 --> 00:36:14.000 Scientific consulting is a career in itself, outreach. 00:36:14.200 --> 00:36:18.200 There are wonderful science communicators who come from science and whom you 00:36:18.200 --> 00:36:21.400 will see many times on your social networks, careers that are geared towards 00:36:21.400 --> 00:36:23.000 knowledge transfer. 00:36:23.240 --> 00:36:26.800 The ecosystem is very diverse, and the research career is not its only one. 00:36:26.800 --> 00:36:30.000 There are many paths, and we must remember that each person has to find 00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:31.640 their own way. 00:36:32.200 --> 00:36:33.960 This is already the case. 00:36:33.960 --> 00:36:36.840 I'm going to talk a little more about the more scientific career, not the more 00:36:36.840 --> 00:36:38.320 academic one. 00:36:39.160 --> 00:36:43.160 In Europe, they have been reflecting for some time on how to 00:36:43.160 --> 00:36:47.320 standardize and how to have a scientific career in Europe. 00:36:47.320 --> 00:36:49.400 So that one can know where one is. 00:36:49.400 --> 00:36:53.200 Because, of course, as we said before, science is global, so maybe someone is 00:36:53.200 --> 00:36:55.120 doing their thesis here. 00:36:55.120 --> 00:36:57.960 Then he goes on to do a postdoc in Germany and ends up with a permanent 00:36:57.960 --> 00:36:59.400 position in Switzerland. 00:36:59.400 --> 00:37:03.400 So it was often not easy to understand the different systems 00:37:03.400 --> 00:37:06.760 of the more academic career, how they worked. 00:37:06.920 --> 00:37:10.000 And there is a document that I invite you to look at that is in the faith. 00:37:10.120 --> 00:37:14.120 The Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology, which 00:37:14.120 --> 00:37:17.880 is called El País, where using the European model of. 00:37:18.680 --> 00:37:23.960 It defines the research career in four main blocks: blocks R1, R2, R3, and R4. 00:37:24.120 --> 00:37:29.840 From the early stages of research to leadership, research leadership. 00:37:29.840 --> 00:37:33.160 And those are the phrases, that is, R1 six. 00:37:33.160 --> 00:37:33.880 Most of those. 00:37:33.880 --> 00:37:37.880 This is the predoctoral phase, the phase where you are doing 00:37:37.880 --> 00:37:41.880 research training, learning to investigate, to develop, to 00:37:41.880 --> 00:37:47.040 think critically, to acquire scientific skills, and this phase is fundamental. 00:37:47.040 --> 00:37:48.800 In other words, there are no shortcuts here. 00:37:50.840 --> 00:37:54.840 A few months ago, with one of the people, the CSIC has a 00:37:54.840 --> 00:37:58.840 scientific advisory committee made up of researchers from 00:37:58.840 --> 00:38:02.840 Spain and abroad and who are super smart people who don't 00:38:02.840 --> 00:38:06.400 always give us much inspiration and talk to a person who. 00:38:06.440 --> 00:38:11.760 Isabel Fariñas, a person who works in Valencia, is a wonderful neuroscientist. 00:38:11.760 --> 00:38:16.120 He has won a National Prize and he told us how the brain works, he says. 00:38:16.440 --> 00:38:19.760 When one thinks about the brain, I think it's a very important thing for science. 00:38:19.760 --> 00:38:23.760 The brain works because of the stimuli you see and because of its 00:38:23.760 --> 00:38:27.600 capacity for anticipation, like you have a... I'm not a neuroscientist, 00:38:27.600 --> 00:38:30.600 but this is what I was told and it convinced me. 00:38:30.680 --> 00:38:34.160 So, since one already has past experience, one knows that if one 00:38:34.160 --> 00:38:37.160 presses the light button, the light turns on, right? 00:38:37.280 --> 00:38:40.800 You know that if you turn the clock, it lights up and you can see the time. 00:38:40.800 --> 00:38:44.800 You know, for example, when you turn on the car keys in the car, or when you turn 00:38:44.800 --> 00:38:47.560 on the television, or when you play music, your ear expects to hear 00:38:47.560 --> 00:38:48.960 something. 00:38:48.960 --> 00:38:52.320 So it's another part of the stimuli, let's 00:38:52.320 --> 00:38:55.320 say, and a kind of anticipation. 00:38:55.320 --> 00:38:59.320 This happens to us many times when someone is speaking; we anticipate 00:38:59.320 --> 00:39:03.320 what they are going to say, and that is what magicians use when they do 00:39:03.320 --> 00:39:07.320 their tricks, because what they generate is distress or a zone where 00:39:07.320 --> 00:39:10.320 you don't feel comfortable, because what you see with 00:39:10.320 --> 00:39:13.320 your stimuli is not what your brain expects to see. 00:39:13.360 --> 00:39:15.960 And that's why we're suddenly surprised. 00:39:15.960 --> 00:39:19.960 What's wrong with us scientists? Scientists have taught us that the 00:39:19.960 --> 00:39:23.920 brain has to work here because we've been taught that we work based 00:39:23.920 --> 00:39:26.920 on evidence, and that takes a long time to acquire. 00:39:26.920 --> 00:39:28.480 That's why it takes so long to write a thesis. 00:39:28.480 --> 00:39:32.480 During the thesis and during scientific training, one is continually 00:39:32.480 --> 00:39:35.680 learning that what one has to base oneself on is scientific evidence, on 00:39:35.680 --> 00:39:37.280 data, on things. 00:39:37.280 --> 00:39:41.280 In other words, in an experiment, you have to see what you're testing, 00:39:41.280 --> 00:39:44.760 and that takes a lot of time. That's why it's often difficult 00:39:44.760 --> 00:39:47.760 to fool scientists about certain things. Why? 00:39:47.760 --> 00:39:51.760 Why is our brain so much more accustomed to looking 00:39:51.760 --> 00:39:55.760 for these things that suddenly make us wonder, how 00:39:55.760 --> 00:39:58.960 can what I'm seeing in a graph be saying? 00:39:59.080 --> 00:40:03.080 Sometimes in political debates we see someone suddenly pull out 00:40:03.080 --> 00:40:07.080 a graph with distorted scales, and anyone who has ever seen a graph 00:40:07.080 --> 00:40:10.240 will say, "You say that on that graph it's growing," 00:40:10.240 --> 00:40:13.240 and then look at the graph and it's decreasing. 00:40:13.240 --> 00:40:17.240 So we scientists are very used to working on scientific 00:40:17.240 --> 00:40:21.480 principles, and I don't know if we are often aware of them. 00:40:21.520 --> 00:40:25.520 And of course, as is often the case, it's also true that, like everything else, 00:40:25.520 --> 00:40:29.200 maybe you have people at home who also work in science, but the way we 00:40:29.200 --> 00:40:31.040 scientists work and think is different. 00:40:31.040 --> 00:40:33.400 That's why he speaks a little before the one about the head. 00:40:33.400 --> 00:40:37.400 That's phase one, although this doesn't end here, but the first 00:40:37.400 --> 00:40:41.400 phase includes getting your brain used to working on evidence, 00:40:41.400 --> 00:40:44.440 because science always has to look at the evidence. 00:40:45.600 --> 00:40:48.040 All series work more or less the same. 00:40:48.040 --> 00:40:50.200 Then there may be more things that are more or less applied, because in the 00:40:50.200 --> 00:40:51.320 laboratory 00:40:51.320 --> 00:40:54.320 it can be more theoretical thinking and that is the first phase one. 00:40:54.320 --> 00:40:58.320 The second phase is when you have already done your thesis and you start a little 00:40:58.320 --> 00:41:02.040 in the first predoctoral phase, you are emerging a little, you start to have your 00:41:02.040 --> 00:41:03.920 own line, but you don't have it. 00:41:03.920 --> 00:41:07.440 The third phase, the network, is when you are already established as a researcher. 00:41:07.440 --> 00:41:09.800 I am a researcher, I have my own line of research, but maybe you don't have that 00:41:09.800 --> 00:41:11.000 leadership. 00:41:11.000 --> 00:41:14.400 You still depend on a group where you have a boss who is already starting to 00:41:14.400 --> 00:41:16.120 become completely independent. 00:41:16.120 --> 00:41:19.240 And the 4th phase is when it's scientific leadership. 00:41:19.280 --> 00:41:23.280 And this, this is a bit of a review that has been done of how to 00:41:23.280 --> 00:41:27.280 classify, and if we take it to the Spanish system, so that we 00:41:27.280 --> 00:41:31.280 know what opportunities there are, or the figures that we know 00:41:31.280 --> 00:41:35.280 in the more academic career, which correspond to R1, R2, RT, 00:41:35.280 --> 00:41:39.280 R4, or it invites other forms that the document deserves, which 00:41:39.280 --> 00:41:43.280 is much more complete about this. Well, we can think of R1 in 00:41:43.280 --> 00:41:47.280 predoctoral training, from the FPU grants, from the FPI grants, 00:41:47.280 --> 00:41:51.280 or now they are called PIB from the ministry, we have things 00:41:51.280 --> 00:41:55.280 that are research introduction programs or doctoral programs, 00:41:55.280 --> 00:41:59.280 regional contracts, industrial doctorates, training, the 00:41:59.280 --> 00:42:03.280 path to the doctorate. R2, which are the first, let's say, 1/1 00:42:03.280 --> 00:42:07.280 of the postdoctoral stage, not postdoctoral, junior 00:42:07.280 --> 00:42:12.160 postdoctoralists, such as the Juan de la Cierva Program, the Marie Curie. 00:42:12.320 --> 00:42:15.280 There are predoctoral contracts, that is, there we have 1/1. 00:42:15.280 --> 00:42:18.200 Then he evolves into an established researcher. 00:42:18.200 --> 00:42:22.120 In Spain we have the Ramón y Cajal program, which is an example of R3 or of 00:42:22.120 --> 00:42:25.120 getting involved in many times getting involved in one. 00:42:25.440 --> 00:42:28.960 It's not R2 and the beginning of R3. There are regional 00:42:28.960 --> 00:42:31.960 talents in the Community of Madrid, for example. 00:42:31.960 --> 00:42:34.840 There are talent programs in almost every community. 00:42:34.840 --> 00:42:38.840 And then the more established part and leadership comes 00:42:38.840 --> 00:42:42.640 when one is already permanent in universities, units. 00:42:42.640 --> 00:42:45.840 In research centers where there is something missing. 00:42:45.840 --> 00:42:48.640 For example, in universities there are contracted doctoral staff, university 00:42:48.640 --> 00:42:50.040 degree holders, and professors. 00:42:50.040 --> 00:42:52.600 At CSIC we have scientist, tenured professor, researcher, research 00:42:52.600 --> 00:42:53.880 scientist. 00:42:53.920 --> 00:42:56.920 Those are once you already have your permanent position; it's independent. 00:42:57.880 --> 00:43:01.280 There are different stages, that is, not everyone has to be a professor. 00:43:01.280 --> 00:43:05.280 There are people who stay, but let's say one is scientifically 00:43:05.280 --> 00:43:08.280 independent and that's a bit like how the one who 00:43:08.280 --> 00:43:11.280 appears in Europe with the Spanish system is transferred. 00:43:11.280 --> 00:43:13.360 But as I said, that's the more academic part. 00:43:13.360 --> 00:43:17.360 But we also have to consider that there are other careers that are also 00:43:17.360 --> 00:43:21.360 fundamental to fixing science from a scientific management perspective, 00:43:21.360 --> 00:43:24.720 since nowadays all universities have managers of people who are dedicated to 00:43:24.720 --> 00:43:26.400 project management. 00:43:26.400 --> 00:43:29.040 Project management is not just the administrative part of the justification 00:43:29.040 --> 00:43:30.400 box, but 00:43:30.400 --> 00:43:34.080 also people who are dedicated to finding projects, working on project evaluation, 00:43:34.080 --> 00:43:37.080 accompanying them, and the mysteries of project management. 00:43:37.240 --> 00:43:39.000 There are many. 00:43:39.000 --> 00:43:43.000 In my team I have people who have chosen that path, that is, people who 00:43:43.000 --> 00:43:47.000 have done their theses and after the thesis have decided I want to 00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:50.440 dedicate myself to scientific management and it is a job, I assure you, very, very 00:43:50.440 --> 00:43:52.200 rewarding. 00:43:54.080 --> 00:43:56.720 My life is quite complicated and I don't have time to prepare such beautiful 00:43:56.720 --> 00:43:58.080 talks, 00:43:58.080 --> 00:44:00.720 so the person who helped me prepare this talk is someone who comes along, who has 00:44:00.720 --> 00:44:02.080 that 00:44:02.080 --> 00:44:05.280 path, that is, who helps me, who helps us prepare projects and who, 00:44:05.280 --> 00:44:08.280 thinking together, helps us to decide what we can talk about? 00:44:08.280 --> 00:44:12.280 At a conference in the Carlos region, we were thinking together, if it helps, 00:44:12.280 --> 00:44:16.280 well, with those ideas, and there is a scientific management aspect that is 00:44:16.280 --> 00:44:20.280 very important, all the technical work, that is, there are people who from the 00:44:20.280 --> 00:44:24.280 beginning want to be a technician and dedicate their work to being a laboratory 00:44:24.280 --> 00:44:28.280 technician, but there are other careers of personnel who say, look, I have 00:44:28.280 --> 00:44:32.280 done my thesis, I have done my doctorate, but that thing of being all day asking 00:44:32.280 --> 00:44:35.520 for projects and competing and doing papers is not for me. 00:44:35.520 --> 00:44:37.280 I prefer to get my hands dirty in the lab. 00:44:38.240 --> 00:44:40.120 Well, some people choose a technical career. 00:44:40.120 --> 00:44:42.240 It's also a very interesting career. 00:44:42.240 --> 00:44:45.600 Scientific advice, scientific advice is essential. 00:44:45.600 --> 00:44:46.480 That's what I was saying. 00:44:46.480 --> 00:44:50.320 The decisions these politicians make must be backed by scientific evidence, advice, 00:44:50.320 --> 00:44:52.280 and support. 00:44:52.520 --> 00:44:53.640 I'm telling you from experience. 00:44:53.640 --> 00:44:57.640 At the CSIC, decisions such as whether cod, sardines or halibut 00:44:57.640 --> 00:45:01.440 can be fished depend on scientific work behind them that tells you what the 00:45:01.440 --> 00:45:03.360 stocks are. 00:45:03.640 --> 00:45:07.640 This is fundamental and it not only has an impact on what we put in, but also 00:45:07.640 --> 00:45:11.640 an impact on the territory, an impact on the sector, an impact on what many 00:45:11.640 --> 00:45:15.640 families eat. Good advice can make the Spanish production system grow or 00:45:15.640 --> 00:45:19.640 it can cause a certain area of ​​Spain to run out of resources because there 00:45:19.640 --> 00:45:23.560 are no resources, it hasn't been done, the right decision isn't made. 00:45:25.120 --> 00:45:27.960 There are also many people who go to work in large infrastructure projects. 00:45:27.960 --> 00:45:31.240 In other words, I don't know if you know much about CERN, the place where they 00:45:31.240 --> 00:45:32.920 found the Higgs boson. 00:45:32.920 --> 00:45:36.680 In Europe there is a whole type of professional with amazing technological 00:45:36.680 --> 00:45:39.680 developments, dissemination and scientific communication. 00:45:39.680 --> 00:45:43.680 It is also an emerging career, which is already very advanced, and there are 00:45:43.680 --> 00:45:47.840 people who are professionals, they are popularizers and they do a great job. 00:45:47.840 --> 00:45:48.400 Because? 00:45:48.400 --> 00:45:52.400 As I said before, it is essential that science permeates society and the whole 00:45:52.400 --> 00:45:55.600 issue of scientific data management, because science produces millions of data 00:45:55.600 --> 00:45:57.240 points. 00:45:57.240 --> 00:46:00.600 And now this is also a professional opportunity. 00:46:00.680 --> 00:46:04.680 And then it is also essential to consider that careers are no longer linear, 00:46:04.680 --> 00:46:08.120 as we said before, only the academic one, that there is a lot of mobility between 00:46:08.120 --> 00:46:09.840 sectors. 00:46:09.880 --> 00:46:10.560 Mobility. 00:46:10.560 --> 00:46:12.760 Sometimes it's a path with several paths. 00:46:12.760 --> 00:46:16.760 There needs to be mobility of people going from academia, companies 00:46:16.760 --> 00:46:20.400 going from academia, the administration going to that sector, and people going 00:46:20.400 --> 00:46:22.240 back and forth. 00:46:22.240 --> 00:46:24.560 And I think that's what makes us better. Why? 00:46:24.560 --> 00:46:27.640 Because, once again, it's about creating an ecosystem. 00:46:27.880 --> 00:46:31.880 In other words, we have to get used to the fact that, very importantly, 00:46:31.880 --> 00:46:35.880 we're used to researchers, professors, and university staff who might 00:46:35.880 --> 00:46:39.600 leave for a ministry for a few years, then come back, or go to a company, 00:46:39.600 --> 00:46:42.600 or stay, or go somewhere else. NG, for example. 00:46:42.600 --> 00:46:46.600 I believe it is fundamental because in the end the ecosystem is very varied 00:46:46.600 --> 00:46:49.520 and in ecosystems, as you well know, there will be biologists here who know 00:46:49.520 --> 00:46:51.000 much more. 00:46:51.080 --> 00:46:52.240 More than I know about this. 00:46:52.240 --> 00:46:53.520 I will keep the biology. 00:46:53.520 --> 00:46:57.520 The ecosystem is not just what happens to an individual 00:46:57.520 --> 00:47:00.680 species, but how species interact with each other. 00:47:00.800 --> 00:47:02.760 And this is a fundamental part. 00:47:03.840 --> 00:47:07.600 The doctorate has a certain value, as I mentioned before with the example of 00:47:07.600 --> 00:47:09.480 neuroscience. 00:47:09.480 --> 00:47:14.520 A doctorate has value in itself, in how our mind works. 00:47:14.680 --> 00:47:18.680 When we do science, our mind works. We are taught to work in a way 00:47:18.680 --> 00:47:22.720 that is possibly not the same as how it works in other fields. 00:47:22.720 --> 00:47:26.440 In a doctoral program, it's encouraged; you have to solve problems. 00:47:26.440 --> 00:47:29.160 A doctorate that doesn't solve the problem isn't a doctorate. 00:47:29.160 --> 00:47:33.160 Critical thinking is fundamental because every scientist 00:47:33.160 --> 00:47:36.360 starts with hypotheses and ends up with a thesis. 00:47:36.360 --> 00:47:37.520 This is critical thinking. 00:47:37.520 --> 00:47:39.480 You need to find the procedure. 00:47:39.480 --> 00:47:43.080 There needs to be creativity, depth, innovation, and management of 00:47:43.080 --> 00:47:44.880 uncertainty. 00:47:44.880 --> 00:47:47.520 That is to say, of course, perhaps you, those who have been working on your 00:47:47.520 --> 00:47:48.880 thesis for a while, 00:47:48.880 --> 00:47:51.600 have encountered difficult moments where suddenly, something attacks you and you 00:47:51.600 --> 00:47:52.960 get stuck. 00:47:52.960 --> 00:47:57.000 And this is so, but it's part of it, it's part of what makes us good scientists. 00:47:57.000 --> 00:48:01.000 If we all had the answers to the question of what the 00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:05.960 purpose of science was, we would learn a lot, not just from success. 00:48:06.000 --> 00:48:06.680 That's very nice. 00:48:06.680 --> 00:48:09.640 Many times when we think about science we know and have found the COVID vaccine, 00:48:09.640 --> 00:48:11.160 right? 00:48:11.320 --> 00:48:13.400 But how many failures were known before? 00:48:13.400 --> 00:48:16.680 Those failures have helped us achieve ultimate success. 00:48:16.680 --> 00:48:20.680 Science also learns a lot from the failure aspect, 00:48:20.680 --> 00:48:24.680 and the doctorate is not just about training 00:48:24.680 --> 00:48:28.400 researchers who are people we ultimately transform. 00:48:28.400 --> 00:48:32.240 Transforming the world, as we have said before, because science serves to impact 00:48:32.240 --> 00:48:34.200 people. 00:48:34.200 --> 00:48:36.920 In the end, our way of being, as people. 00:48:36.920 --> 00:48:39.400 That was already said in the presentation. 00:48:39.400 --> 00:48:42.640 A scientific career is a marathon, not a sprint. 00:48:43.560 --> 00:48:47.040 Anyone who thinks this is a race, a sprint, I'll come in here for two years 00:48:47.040 --> 00:48:48.800 and achieve something. 00:48:49.000 --> 00:48:51.200 He has chosen, he has chosen the wrong path. Why? 00:48:51.200 --> 00:48:53.400 Because it's a long race. 00:48:53.400 --> 00:48:54.840 A scientific career is very long. Why? 00:48:54.840 --> 00:48:58.080 Because deep down, one never stops being a scientist. 00:48:58.080 --> 00:49:01.280 And no, it never stops constantly learning, constantly asking questions, 00:49:01.280 --> 00:49:02.920 constantly solving problems. 00:49:02.920 --> 00:49:06.200 It's a very long career, a very demanding career personally. 00:49:06.200 --> 00:49:06.960 That is to say, the. 00:49:06.960 --> 00:49:10.960 A scientific career requires many personal sacrifices, that is, 00:49:10.960 --> 00:49:14.840 many hours of work, many hours of individual work, many hours in 00:49:14.840 --> 00:49:17.840 the laboratory, and where there are no set workdays. 00:49:18.080 --> 00:49:22.080 I believe that all of us who like the science of consciousness know that 00:49:22.080 --> 00:49:25.080 science could occupy our 24 hours and we would be happy. 00:49:25.440 --> 00:49:29.440 One also has to find time for other things, but it is a very demanding 00:49:29.440 --> 00:49:33.440 job that involves mobility, as I said before, which nowadays, 00:49:33.440 --> 00:49:37.840 one cannot conceive of being in one place, of being in one place. 00:49:37.920 --> 00:49:41.720 One has mobility and maybe you have to go abroad for a year, or two 00:49:41.720 --> 00:49:44.720 or three or nine years, or stay abroad and that's it. 00:49:44.760 --> 00:49:47.480 Not all jobs require that mobility. 00:49:47.480 --> 00:49:50.160 There are people who find work, although job mobility is much more common today, 00:49:50.160 --> 00:49:52.840 but perhaps they find their job in Madrid. 00:49:52.840 --> 00:49:54.800 You're going to Madrid for science. 00:49:54.800 --> 00:49:57.440 Many of you here have probably been abroad because there weren't any 00:49:57.440 --> 00:49:58.800 opportunities, 00:49:58.800 --> 00:50:02.400 because it's part of a scientific career. There isn't much uncertainty; 00:50:02.400 --> 00:50:05.400 there are different stages, there are tough times. 00:50:05.400 --> 00:50:08.800 Science isn't all sunshine and rainbows; it has its tough moments, and there's 00:50:08.800 --> 00:50:10.520 also continuous evaluation in science. 00:50:11.240 --> 00:50:13.640 Now we're going to talk a little bit about science. 00:50:13.640 --> 00:50:18.000 Because what we are doing is advancing the knowledge we are making, impacting. 00:50:18.000 --> 00:50:20.640 Society has to value it, but also, of course, that's a bit like saying the 00:50:20.640 --> 00:50:22.000 career isn't 00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:24.480 getting bad, sure, but the scientific career, if I'm here it's because I like 00:50:24.480 --> 00:50:25.760 it 00:50:25.760 --> 00:50:28.760 and I think those of us who are here are here because we like it. 00:50:28.760 --> 00:50:30.760 She's super creative. 00:50:30.760 --> 00:50:33.400 A scientific career is an opportunity to grow personally and to grow 00:50:33.400 --> 00:50:34.760 scientifically, 00:50:34.760 --> 00:50:38.760 because even though we say that when you are doing your thesis, your supervisor 00:50:38.760 --> 00:50:42.720 tells you or can guide you by the hand, telling you what you have to do. 00:50:42.720 --> 00:50:45.280 But as you move forward in that one around, three or four, you are the one 00:50:45.280 --> 00:50:47.840 who leads by the hand or the one you create. 00:50:47.840 --> 00:50:51.120 A super creative career is very stimulating, very science, and also very 00:50:51.120 --> 00:50:52.800 frustrating. 00:50:52.880 --> 00:50:56.880 When things fail, it drives you crazy, but when you suddenly have a 00:50:56.880 --> 00:51:00.880 breakthrough, or when you have your first paper, or when one day in your 00:51:00.880 --> 00:51:04.800 lab, or in your theoretical self in my head, I suddenly saw the first thing I 00:51:04.800 --> 00:51:06.760 solved, it's a whole new world. 00:51:06.760 --> 00:51:10.400 This is also somewhat of a disadvantage, and it is very transformative. 00:51:10.400 --> 00:51:14.240 We don't always see it, but scientists have a 00:51:14.240 --> 00:51:17.240 very transformative way of thinking. 00:51:17.240 --> 00:51:20.680 ES is not a sprint, it's a marathon and you have to keep that in mind. 00:51:20.680 --> 00:51:24.280 That has to be taken into account, of course. 00:51:24.280 --> 00:51:26.920 He mentioned very little, not the scientific career. 00:51:26.920 --> 00:51:30.920 We are transforming, we are transforming 00:51:30.920 --> 00:51:34.560 society, we are advancing in knowledge. 00:51:34.560 --> 00:51:38.680 It requires the evaluation of this scientific excellence. 00:51:39.120 --> 00:51:42.000 Today, the way we evaluate is changing a lot. 00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:46.000 The pressure on the coalition is less, and if the San Francisco 00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:50.000 Declaration is heard, we are leaving behind these 00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:53.240 hyper-quantitative evaluations, where only 00:51:53.240 --> 00:51:56.240 the H-index and cubes and so on were looked at. 00:51:56.280 --> 00:51:59.960 To think that it's not just about saying, now it's not going to remove the lapse 00:51:59.960 --> 00:52:01.800 and the Q1. 00:52:01.840 --> 00:52:05.840 But we shouldn't just look at index one; we have to look at other things, we 00:52:05.840 --> 00:52:09.840 have to look, we have to do peer reviews, we have to evaluate qualitatively, 00:52:09.840 --> 00:52:13.840 we have to assess the transfer, we have to assess the leadership, we have to 00:52:13.840 --> 00:52:17.560 assess the communication skills, the impact that what I mentioned 00:52:17.560 --> 00:52:20.560 earlier about the advice has on these fishing vessels. 00:52:20.560 --> 00:52:23.800 That doesn't get you a paper, but your advice has a 00:52:23.800 --> 00:52:26.800 much greater impact on society than any fact. 00:52:27.360 --> 00:52:30.440 Therefore, this also has to be taken into account in the scientific evaluation. 00:52:30.480 --> 00:52:33.680 And of course, since the race is not easy, it is essential that we take care 00:52:33.680 --> 00:52:35.320 of ourselves. 00:52:35.960 --> 00:52:40.840 Since we all have the H for R seal, we know it. 00:52:40.880 --> 00:52:44.880 In other words, we can't afford to fall by the wayside 00:52:44.880 --> 00:52:48.640 because we haven't taken care of ourselves. 00:52:48.640 --> 00:52:49.960 It is very important. 00:52:49.960 --> 00:52:53.800 There is a lot of pressure, the science of expression, competitiveness, but you 00:52:53.800 --> 00:52:55.760 have to find personal balance. 00:52:55.760 --> 00:52:59.440 That's what I'm saying, the hours are endless, but you have to do it with 00:52:59.440 --> 00:53:01.320 sanity and because you like it. 00:53:01.360 --> 00:53:02.480 But we mustn't give up. 00:53:02.480 --> 00:53:06.120 In other words, you shouldn't neglect your mental health because it's very 00:53:06.120 --> 00:53:09.120 easy, it's very easy for someone to end up in a bad situation. 00:53:09.120 --> 00:53:10.160 So it's very important. 00:53:10.160 --> 00:53:13.360 We need brilliant people, but people who take care of us. 00:53:13.920 --> 00:53:16.800 And then one thing that happens to us scientists too is that we have to adapt 00:53:16.800 --> 00:53:18.280 to the world. 00:53:18.280 --> 00:53:21.040 An example is artificial intelligence. 00:53:21.040 --> 00:53:25.040 Some of us were caught older, and are still caught older and off guard, 00:53:25.040 --> 00:53:28.520 because suddenly they will do everything we used to do. 00:53:28.520 --> 00:53:31.080 Our lives can suddenly become intertwined with artificial intelligence, and 00:53:31.080 --> 00:53:32.360 suddenly change shape. 00:53:32.360 --> 00:53:36.040 Well, this is also a part of our brain's adaptation that we have to make, but it 00:53:36.040 --> 00:53:37.880 opens up many challenges. 00:53:38.080 --> 00:53:40.720 Artificial intelligence is not meant to eliminate creativity; it simply means 00:53:40.720 --> 00:53:42.080 that 00:53:42.080 --> 00:53:45.200 there are things we can accelerate, and we need to use artificial intelligence as 00:53:45.200 --> 00:53:46.800 an accelerator. 00:53:46.800 --> 00:53:50.000 There are no answers in the creation of knowledge. 00:53:50.040 --> 00:53:52.920 For example, in Europe they have the RACE program, which is a kind of virtual 00:53:52.920 --> 00:53:54.360 institute. 00:53:55.160 --> 00:53:59.160 For example, we have our own Artificial Intelligence strategy, where 00:53:59.160 --> 00:54:03.440 what we want to do is use artificial intelligence to accelerate knowledge. 00:54:03.440 --> 00:54:06.440 In other words, there are many opportunities and new profiles 00:54:06.440 --> 00:54:09.440 and new skills are being generated that we must not forget. 00:54:09.480 --> 00:54:13.480 And you who are young and prone to youthful attacks, don't miss the train 00:54:13.480 --> 00:54:16.240 because it goes so fast that you've missed four stops and you don't even 00:54:16.240 --> 00:54:17.640 realize it. 00:54:17.640 --> 00:54:21.640 So it's important that we all want digital skills, artificial 00:54:21.640 --> 00:54:25.360 intelligence, because it's part of knowledge creation. 00:54:25.600 --> 00:54:27.640 That was a bit motivational. 00:54:27.640 --> 00:54:30.280 I'm doing a bit badly because I like to ramble, of course, but this is all very 00:54:30.280 --> 00:54:31.640 nice, all 00:54:31.640 --> 00:54:34.280 very theoretical and now I want to bring it down to earth, I want to bring it down 00:54:34.280 --> 00:54:35.640 to earth, 00:54:35.640 --> 00:54:38.680 bring it a little closer to my own ground, talk a little about my book. 00:54:39.120 --> 00:54:42.200 What do we at the CSIC do to contribute to these scientific careers? 00:54:42.240 --> 00:54:43.120 What is the CSIC? 00:54:43.120 --> 00:54:46.960 Let's briefly explain what the CSIC is and how we contribute to scientific 00:54:46.960 --> 00:54:48.880 careers. 00:54:49.600 --> 00:54:53.600 Yes, well, the CSIC is something that the Ministry talks about, which 00:54:53.600 --> 00:54:57.600 is the sector, the Spanish system of science, technology and innovation, 00:54:57.600 --> 00:55:01.240 and the CSIC is the fundamental pillar of the Spanish system. 00:55:01.280 --> 00:55:01.840 What do we do? 00:55:01.840 --> 00:55:05.840 We do a bit of what we've said before: research, innovation, transfer, 00:55:05.840 --> 00:55:10.000 advice, we look for talent, we do outreach, we seek internationalization. 00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:12.720 In other words, like any institution where we do science, the CSIC has to be 00:55:12.720 --> 00:55:14.120 this. 00:55:14.120 --> 00:55:17.720 That is indeed the largest research organization in Spain, the third largest 00:55:17.720 --> 00:55:19.560 in Europe and in the sector worldwide. 00:55:19.560 --> 00:55:21.360 That's why I say it's the fundamental pillar. 00:55:22.400 --> 00:55:25.880 We have a whole ecosystem of science that makes us very powerful. 00:55:25.920 --> 00:55:29.720 We are, for example, members of the European Scientific G6 group. 00:55:29.720 --> 00:55:30.480 These are them. 00:55:30.480 --> 00:55:33.480 Do you know that in the economic context they talk about the G7, the G8? 00:55:33.520 --> 00:55:37.520 There is a G6 of science in Europe that is made up of these centers which 00:55:37.520 --> 00:55:40.600 are our equivalents in the International Congress. 00:55:40.640 --> 00:55:44.360 Three Germans, the law and the most Planck is in 00:55:44.360 --> 00:55:47.360 France, the CNI in Italy and the CSIC in us. 00:55:47.400 --> 00:55:51.400 In other words, this is a group like the G7 and G8 groups, a 00:55:51.400 --> 00:55:55.240 pressure group where European science is the DA 00:55:55.240 --> 00:55:58.240 (Democratic Action) for these organizations. 00:55:58.240 --> 00:56:00.840 The CSIC has a very large territorial impact. 00:56:00.840 --> 00:56:01.080 Because? 00:56:01.080 --> 00:56:03.640 Because we have research centers throughout the territory. 00:56:03.640 --> 00:56:07.240 We have centers in all autonomous communities, 121 research centers and 00:56:07.240 --> 00:56:09.080 three national centers. 00:56:09.080 --> 00:56:11.720 And as you can see there on the map, it is true that in Madrid we have the 00:56:11.720 --> 00:56:13.080 majority, 00:56:13.080 --> 00:56:16.000 then Catalonia or Andalusia, but we have a center in all the autonomous 00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:17.480 communities. 00:56:17.480 --> 00:56:21.480 We have a studio, an institute in Rome specializing in delicate 00:56:21.480 --> 00:56:25.080 archaeology, a headquarters in Brussels, and a base in Antarctica. 00:56:25.120 --> 00:56:27.920 So when I say we're all over the world, it's because... 00:56:27.920 --> 00:56:29.240 Because we are. 00:56:30.400 --> 00:56:34.720 Those are the numbers for 2024, which is the latest report we have published. 00:56:34.960 --> 00:56:38.640 We are already 17,400 people and I think that by the end of the year we will be 00:56:38.640 --> 00:56:40.520 able to talk about around 20,000. 00:56:40.920 --> 00:56:44.920 Yes, it is in full growth and we currently have almost 00:56:44.920 --> 00:56:48.080 7000 researchers, plus the technicians 00:56:48.080 --> 00:56:51.080 and the larger technical support staff. 00:56:51.080 --> 00:56:56.160 And then notice that since you have about 1800, now there will be 2100. 00:56:56.200 --> 00:56:58.960 You will investigate training and management personnel. 00:56:58.960 --> 00:57:04.280 There you can see some of our figures showing what the CSIC budget funding is. 00:57:04.280 --> 00:57:07.280 It's 1,200,000,000. 00:57:07.320 --> 00:57:10.320 Right now I think it will be around 1400. 00:57:10.320 --> 00:57:14.640 We have a good number of international projects; we do about 15 per year. 00:57:14.640 --> 00:57:18.640 We are such a large institution that we produce, we produce a 00:57:18.640 --> 00:57:22.640 lot, and one thing that makes us unique is that we have large 00:57:22.640 --> 00:57:26.000 scientific infrastructures, from a base in Antarctica 00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:29.000 that we manage, but which is open to science. 00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:32.760 In other words, there is a polar program through research projects where one can 00:57:32.760 --> 00:57:34.640 find time for Antarctica. 00:57:34.640 --> 00:57:38.640 We have scenic ships, a 1500 square meter clean 00:57:38.640 --> 00:57:43.160 room in Barcelona, ​​and ocean observation telescopes. 00:57:43.440 --> 00:57:46.320 We have a series of high-altitude climbers, for example in Almería. 00:57:46.320 --> 00:57:50.320 In other words, we have a series of large infrastructures that are not just for 00:57:50.320 --> 00:57:53.600 ourselves; these infrastructures are open to the scientific community. 00:57:53.640 --> 00:57:56.640 We have a structural role there. 00:57:56.800 --> 00:58:00.800 At CSIC we are organized scientifically, we have practically all 00:58:00.800 --> 00:58:04.800 scientific disciplines, we classify ourselves into three areas that 00:58:04.800 --> 00:58:08.800 we call global, the area of ​​matter, which is the area that includes 00:58:08.800 --> 00:58:13.160 chemistry, materials and then physics, mathematics, robotics and computing. 00:58:13.200 --> 00:58:15.760 The society area, which as you can see is the smallest area. 00:58:15.760 --> 00:58:19.760 Humanities and social sciences and our largest area is the area 00:58:19.760 --> 00:58:23.760 of ​​life sciences and life sciences, from biology and biomedicine, 00:58:23.760 --> 00:58:27.760 earth, environment, food science and all the agricultural part, 00:58:27.760 --> 00:58:32.080 which is a bit what the CSIC came from, a lot of the agri-food part. 00:58:32.080 --> 00:58:33.760 Here you can see the number of institutes. 00:58:33.760 --> 00:58:37.760 The Life area is the largest, we have 64 and of life 42 in matter 00:58:37.760 --> 00:58:41.160 and 15 in society, which is the smallest area. 00:58:41.440 --> 00:58:45.440 And at the CSIC we have been looking at this aspect of multidisciplinarity, 00:58:45.440 --> 00:58:48.560 which I mentioned earlier as interdisciplinarity, for some time now, 00:58:48.560 --> 00:58:50.160 and it is so important. 00:58:50.160 --> 00:58:53.560 How can we make our science more holistic? 00:58:53.720 --> 00:58:56.920 I have said before that today science requires synergistic teams of teams from 00:58:56.920 --> 00:58:58.560 different areas. 00:58:59.040 --> 00:59:00.080 What's happening to the CSIC? 00:59:00.080 --> 00:59:03.920 Perhaps we have institutes dedicated to materials science. 00:59:03.960 --> 00:59:07.560 Three in Madrid, one in Seville, one in Catalonia, and one in the Basque Country? 00:59:07.560 --> 00:59:10.280 Of course, that's why silos are often created. 00:59:10.280 --> 00:59:14.280 One is doing his experiment, the other is doing the same, but in the past 00:59:14.280 --> 00:59:18.000 that often didn't generate enough interaction between them. 00:59:18.000 --> 00:59:18.800 So, what did we do? 00:59:18.800 --> 00:59:22.800 We create interdisciplinary thematic platforms that aim to put 00:59:22.800 --> 00:59:26.800 multidisciplinary teams together to solve common challenges, big 00:59:26.800 --> 00:59:30.720 challenges, with a large scientific, social, and economic impact. 00:59:30.720 --> 00:59:32.200 For example, with global health. 00:59:32.200 --> 00:59:34.840 Health is a huge challenge. What? What? 00:59:34.840 --> 00:59:37.440 CSIC researchers work on global health. 00:59:37.440 --> 00:59:40.560 We put them to work together to generate projects, to generate ideas. 00:59:40.680 --> 00:59:44.680 We have things like transformation, energy transition, food 00:59:44.680 --> 00:59:48.680 allergies, quantum technologies, heritage sciences, and what 00:59:48.680 --> 00:59:52.680 I always think we have to remember is that here we have people who do 00:59:52.680 --> 00:59:56.640 research from their institutes, but who collectively tackle these problems, which 00:59:56.640 --> 00:59:58.640 are complex. 00:59:58.680 --> 01:00:01.640 We also have our own internal networks, what we call connections, the others on 01:00:01.640 --> 01:00:03.160 the platforms. 01:00:03.160 --> 01:00:07.160 These are connections, internal research networks, not so much about 01:00:07.160 --> 01:00:11.160 thinking about solving a problem, but about generating within the 01:00:11.160 --> 01:00:14.720 institution itself dynamics of collaboration in archaeology, in cancer, 01:00:14.720 --> 01:00:16.520 in genomics, in nanomedicine. 01:00:16.560 --> 01:00:20.560 In other words, all of this is to try to overcome that thing we have 01:00:20.560 --> 01:00:24.560 going for us, which is that we are in the territory, but that often 01:00:24.560 --> 01:00:28.280 leads to a lack of collaboration, and we also do a lot of consulting. 01:00:28.280 --> 01:00:32.160 For example, a unit was launched some time ago that supports the National 01:00:32.160 --> 01:00:34.120 Office of Scientific Advice at UNAM. 01:00:34.120 --> 01:00:37.920 We have our own series called Science for Public Policy. 01:00:38.680 --> 01:00:41.320 It's all open, that is, you can take the one about plastics, because what we see 01:00:41.320 --> 01:00:42.680 is that research is 01:00:42.680 --> 01:00:45.560 being done on plastics and pollution, which is being done by the CSIC (Spanish 01:00:45.560 --> 01:00:47.040 National Research Council). 01:00:47.040 --> 01:00:47.600 And? 01:00:47.600 --> 01:00:51.600 And what recommendations are there for those who make 01:00:51.600 --> 01:00:55.920 political decisions so they can use science again as evidence? 01:00:55.960 --> 01:00:59.960 We have things related to light pollution that one might say is good, but it's a 01:00:59.960 --> 01:01:03.280 problem, because, for example, the observation of space depends 01:01:03.280 --> 01:01:06.280 on light pollution, and that's where we have our policy series. 01:01:06.440 --> 01:01:09.000 We also have a significant social impact; we do a lot of transfer. 01:01:09.000 --> 01:01:13.000 Here are some figures showing how many assets 01:01:13.000 --> 01:01:17.000 are protected, 40 and 41 million. In terms of 01:01:17.000 --> 01:01:21.840 contracted financing, we create about ten companies a year. 01:01:22.040 --> 01:01:27.000 We have good numbers and we have our own startups, our own companies. 01:01:27.000 --> 01:01:31.720 Well, since March, for example, it's been a skeleton. 01:01:31.760 --> 01:01:35.600 I think I missed it on El Hormiguero and I don't want to skip 01:01:35.600 --> 01:01:38.600 the advice we're giving on emergencies. 01:01:38.800 --> 01:01:40.640 That's a new approach. 01:01:40.640 --> 01:01:43.280 We've been through the DANA storm, we've been through the Grazalema floods, now 01:01:43.280 --> 01:01:44.640 we're dealing 01:01:44.640 --> 01:01:47.120 with the hantavirus, since the CSIC always tries to collaborate with the 01:01:47.120 --> 01:01:48.360 administrations. 01:01:48.480 --> 01:01:52.480 Well, from a COVID test and vaccine that we gave to the World 01:01:52.480 --> 01:01:56.480 Health Organization, the framework, the masks, we created 01:01:56.480 --> 01:02:00.120 some masks in an institute in Valencia that were used. 01:02:00.160 --> 01:02:03.920 We have our own entrepreneurship transfer ecosystem that also 01:02:03.920 --> 01:02:06.920 makes us powerful, and this would be almost the same. 01:02:06.920 --> 01:02:12.040 Finally, how can one join the CSIC at the different stages? 01:02:12.400 --> 01:02:13.520 What are the programs? 01:02:13.520 --> 01:02:17.520 There are those I mentioned before, as I said before, because 01:02:17.520 --> 01:02:21.520 from the external opportunities to join CSIC, CSIC has, has, 01:02:21.520 --> 01:02:25.720 has FPU from the Ministry, it also has FPI or PIB projects. 01:02:25.760 --> 01:02:30.360 For example, in the Ramón y Cajal contract we are welcoming some. 01:02:30.400 --> 01:02:34.400 We arrived a few years ago, we reached 130, 140, we are welcoming 100 01:02:34.400 --> 01:02:38.120 Ramón y Cajal researchers a year at the CSIC and we also welcome 01:02:38.120 --> 01:02:41.120 them with an extra funding package to come with us. 01:02:41.280 --> 01:02:45.280 We have the JAE, which is the Board of Studies, which is the origin of the 01:02:45.280 --> 01:02:49.280 CSIC, programs to attract people who are doing a master's degree or who are 01:02:49.280 --> 01:02:52.400 in the final years of their undergraduate studies so that they come to start 01:02:52.400 --> 01:02:53.960 research. 01:02:54.000 --> 01:02:56.440 Also everything related to RCS. 01:02:58.440 --> 01:03:02.880 We have a job bank system that allows us to hire people under CSIC projects. 01:03:02.880 --> 01:03:06.760 We are constantly launching contracts and continuously 01:03:06.760 --> 01:03:09.760 collaborating with this generation of talent. 01:03:11.000 --> 01:03:13.960 The seal I mentioned earlier is that any scientific organization today has to have 01:03:13.960 --> 01:03:15.440 that. 01:03:15.440 --> 01:03:17.320 This is something that is not mandatory. 01:03:17.320 --> 01:03:21.320 We have mobility programs for our students, for example, you already 01:03:21.320 --> 01:03:25.160 know that some of your scholarships or contracts have mobility incorporated when 01:03:25.160 --> 01:03:27.080 they do not have it. 01:03:27.080 --> 01:03:30.240 We give money so they can have a stay abroad. 01:03:30.320 --> 01:03:34.200 We have Max's packages for talent attraction. 01:03:34.200 --> 01:03:38.200 At Ramón y Cajal, we have a Momentum program that has 01:03:38.200 --> 01:03:42.200 attracted 187 researchers, from pre-docs to 01:03:42.200 --> 01:03:46.200 postdocs, who acquire advanced digital skills, 01:03:46.200 --> 01:03:50.040 mentoring programs, and professional development. 01:03:50.080 --> 01:03:52.800 Our Alumni Network, our program is about our Camino Decir program. We do 01:03:52.800 --> 01:03:54.200 everything. 01:03:54.240 --> 01:03:57.040 Many of the things you'll see at this university, we do here. 01:03:57.040 --> 01:04:01.440 At CSIC we are placing great importance on the learning aspect. 01:04:01.440 --> 01:04:05.280 We are not a center, we are a research implementing agency, but we are not a 01:04:05.280 --> 01:04:07.200 university center. 01:04:07.200 --> 01:04:09.840 However, we collaborate with the Menéndez Pelayo International University, we have 01:04:09.840 --> 01:04:11.200 our 01:04:11.200 --> 01:04:14.160 own master's degrees, for example, the Master in Quantum Technologies, a 01:04:14.160 --> 01:04:17.160 university master's degree with seven other universities. 01:04:17.320 --> 01:04:20.880 We have a learning portal with a lot of open content. 01:04:20.920 --> 01:04:22.520 You learn. 01:04:22.520 --> 01:04:23.600 Period. I'm inviting you. 01:04:23.600 --> 01:04:27.600 We have placed a great deal of emphasis on training in artificial 01:04:27.600 --> 01:04:30.680 intelligence, and much of the content is open source, which we simply compile from 01:04:30.680 --> 01:04:32.240 others. 01:04:32.240 --> 01:04:34.880 We have podcasts, we have a micro-credentials program that we've 01:04:34.880 --> 01:04:36.240 launched, 01:04:36.240 --> 01:04:40.080 we have partnerships with everyone, with Google, with Spanish Radio 01:04:40.080 --> 01:04:43.080 and Television, with Web services for everything. 01:04:43.080 --> 01:04:46.560 And here we've included a lot of training in artificial intelligence for our 01:04:46.560 --> 01:04:48.320 researchers and for everyone. 01:04:48.320 --> 01:04:50.480 For all staff. 01:04:50.480 --> 01:04:54.480 And to finish, in two minutes we'll be back to the same thing: 01:04:54.480 --> 01:04:58.480 a scientific career is a journey, a long journey, a varied 01:04:58.480 --> 01:05:02.400 journey, and a journey where the ecosystem and where there are many paths, 01:05:02.400 --> 01:05:04.400 many options. 01:05:04.640 --> 01:05:08.640 It goes without saying that the scientific career changes over time; it's 01:05:08.640 --> 01:05:12.480 not good to think that everyone has to start in academia, ending up in academia 01:05:12.480 --> 01:05:14.400 is not that, it's not the end. 01:05:14.400 --> 01:05:17.640 What we need to do here is to produce the best professionals, 01:05:17.640 --> 01:05:20.640 and this is the mission of all doctoral schools. 01:05:20.640 --> 01:05:24.640 We have, we do, we defend about 900 theses a year and 01:05:24.640 --> 01:05:28.480 what we want is to train talent and what is talent. 01:05:29.360 --> 01:05:33.360 We export and import, and the ecosystem has to be so complex and so 01:05:33.360 --> 01:05:37.360 rich that it generates students who go to universities, who go to 01:05:37.360 --> 01:05:41.360 other research centers, who go abroad, some of whom can return to 01:05:41.360 --> 01:05:45.360 the system, others who stay, because the idea is that there is an 01:05:45.360 --> 01:05:49.920 ecosystem where not everyone has to stay in the place where they started. 01:05:49.920 --> 01:05:51.480 For science to be good. 01:05:52.760 --> 01:05:56.760 There are paths in academia, there are paths in business, paths 01:05:56.760 --> 01:06:01.080 in management, knowledge transfer, innovation and social impact. 01:06:01.080 --> 01:06:02.360 Science is done. 01:06:02.360 --> 01:06:06.360 As a highly theoretical scientist, I'm a scientist of what I call "useless" 01:06:06.360 --> 01:06:10.360 science, but we must always remember that science should be about improving 01:06:10.360 --> 01:06:14.360 people's lives, and the impact that science ultimately achieves is very 01:06:14.360 --> 01:06:17.720 important, always respecting what I said before: that there are 01:06:17.720 --> 01:06:20.720 people who do fundamental research and people who make an impact. 01:06:20.720 --> 01:06:22.480 I think that's what's important. 01:06:22.480 --> 01:06:27.800 Each scientific path is different, but all contribute to collective progress. 01:06:27.800 --> 01:06:30.440 Let me finish by saying that for those of us who are a bit older, this is something 01:06:30.440 --> 01:06:31.800 we 01:06:31.800 --> 01:06:34.840 really like, at least I like it a lot, which was Forges' cartoons. 01:06:35.000 --> 01:06:37.160 A little like what? How? 01:06:37.160 --> 01:06:40.160 The scientific career has to be diverse for everyone. 01:06:40.160 --> 01:06:42.200 We belong to our fathers, to our mothers. 01:06:42.200 --> 01:06:44.080 We all have our past. 01:06:44.080 --> 01:06:48.080 Some of us come from Spain, others from abroad, some from big 01:06:48.080 --> 01:06:51.880 cities, some from small towns, and we are all diverse. 01:06:51.880 --> 01:06:55.880 And scientific quality is as varied as each 01:06:55.880 --> 01:06:59.880 and every one of us. And each individual step 01:06:59.880 --> 01:07:03.880 contributes to something much larger, 01:07:03.880 --> 01:07:08.560 which is how society advances by using science. 01:07:08.560 --> 01:07:12.560 We need everything, we need diverse talent 01:07:12.560 --> 01:07:16.560 for our future, because we have a lot of very 01:07:16.560 --> 01:07:20.160 complex challenges that we face. 01:07:20.160 --> 01:07:24.160 From the moment you turn on the radio in the morning, you can see that the 01:07:24.160 --> 01:07:28.000 challenges are extremely complex, and it is through science that we, as a 01:07:28.000 --> 01:07:31.000 society and as humanity as a whole, will be able to move forward. 01:07:31.040 --> 01:07:34.040 Thank you so much. 01:07:41.600 --> 01:07:44.800 To do well, there are many options. 01:07:44.840 --> 01:07:47.840 I mean, I think that when you're halfway through finishing your thesis, you have 01:07:47.840 --> 01:07:49.360 to start thinking. 01:07:49.400 --> 01:07:52.560 You already know that in the postdoctoral market one can directly search for 01:07:52.560 --> 01:07:54.160 postdocs. 01:07:54.160 --> 01:07:58.160 There are many abroad, I don't know which one it is, what 01:07:58.160 --> 01:08:02.160 your area of ​​work is so you won't have a problem there. 01:08:02.160 --> 01:08:05.440 There's a big market, but look, there are many opportunities that you have to 01:08:05.440 --> 01:08:07.080 actively seek out. 01:08:07.080 --> 01:08:10.400 There are many universities, many centers abroad 01:08:10.400 --> 01:08:13.400 that directly offer postdoctoral positions. 01:08:13.400 --> 01:08:16.840 There are even projects that have an ERC at 01:08:16.840 --> 01:08:19.840 any foreign center that will offer it. 01:08:19.920 --> 01:08:21.400 Are there also opportunities in Spain? 01:08:21.400 --> 01:08:25.400 It's a bit like what I was saying when you don't finish your thesis, the 01:08:25.400 --> 01:08:29.320 Juan de la Cierva program is the same for when you finish your thesis. 01:08:29.440 --> 01:08:33.440 Furthermore, they involve a certain degree of mobility, from seeking 01:08:33.440 --> 01:08:36.680 financing in Spain to moving around within Spain or seeking 01:08:36.680 --> 01:08:39.680 financing abroad and then returning in the end. 01:08:39.960 --> 01:08:43.760 There is one, which we see a lot, because we will ultimately be a movement of 01:08:43.760 --> 01:08:45.680 people. 01:08:45.680 --> 01:08:48.800 There are many, many options, but what one has to 01:08:48.800 --> 01:08:51.800 do is become scientifically very competitive. 01:08:51.800 --> 01:08:52.960 So we have to try to go. 01:08:52.960 --> 01:08:55.600 Perhaps the key is to do the best research, because if you want to return 01:08:55.600 --> 01:08:56.960 or if you're left 01:08:56.960 --> 01:09:00.160 out, the better the scientific research, the more options you'll have. 01:09:00.160 --> 01:09:01.720 Then the flows. 01:09:01.720 --> 01:09:04.360 And I, for example, at one time I was there, I did my whole career at the 01:09:04.360 --> 01:09:05.720 Autonomous 01:09:05.720 --> 01:09:08.360 University of Madrid, I went to the United States, I returned to the 01:09:08.360 --> 01:09:09.720 Autonomous 01:09:09.720 --> 01:09:12.960 University, then I got a Ramón y Cajal award after returning to, for example. 01:09:12.960 --> 01:09:14.200 This is a very natural path, isn't it? 01:09:14.200 --> 01:09:16.640 People who go abroad become super powerful. 01:09:16.640 --> 01:09:19.840 Then he gets a Ramón y Cajal, the Ramón y Cajal is the contract for joining the 01:09:19.840 --> 01:09:21.440 sector. 01:09:21.440 --> 01:09:25.440 It is a five-year contract in which there is a commitment from the 01:09:25.440 --> 01:09:29.440 institutions to create a permanent position for that person, and we, 01:09:29.440 --> 01:09:33.440 for example, right now have selection processes for the incorporation 01:09:33.440 --> 01:09:36.800 of scientists, there should be about 400 tenured scientists, which is like a 01:09:36.800 --> 01:09:38.480 university fact. 01:09:38.520 --> 01:09:42.840 Next year we expect to have 200 of us; we are constantly advertising positions. 01:09:43.360 --> 01:09:47.280 Many of these positions are intended to stabilize those. 01:09:47.280 --> 01:09:48.200 Ramón y Cajal. 01:09:48.200 --> 01:09:51.160 We, our commitment to the Ramón y Cajal program, Vamos, are the first to have 01:09:51.160 --> 01:09:52.640 priority. 01:09:52.640 --> 01:09:53.640 We make a commitment. 01:09:53.640 --> 01:09:56.280 Then we are a public body, so we can't just say you stay, there has to be a 01:09:56.280 --> 01:09:57.640 competition, 01:09:57.640 --> 01:10:00.280 but like in the competition, and we put forward profiles to keep our Ramón y 01:10:00.280 --> 01:10:01.640 Cajal, 01:10:01.640 --> 01:10:05.240 so the good thing is to go abroad and there are many dreams of going abroad, to 01:10:05.240 --> 01:10:07.040 make a very solid career. 01:10:07.040 --> 01:10:11.040 And then there are reintegration programs ranging from postdoctoral contract 01:10:11.040 --> 01:10:14.760 offers to regional programs like having to go to the Community of Madrid. 01:10:14.760 --> 01:10:17.640 In almost every community there are even Ramón y Cajal programs. 01:10:17.640 --> 01:10:21.640 And once you're back in the system, you end up either employed here 01:10:21.640 --> 01:10:25.000 or as a university professor or tenured scientist. 01:10:25.480 --> 01:10:26.720 But there are plenty of opportunities. 01:10:26.720 --> 01:10:30.720 What you need to do is, above all, focus on getting the best possible 01:10:30.720 --> 01:10:34.720 training and always try to aim for the best possible place, because 01:10:34.720 --> 01:10:38.440 the contacts you make during your postdoc will be the contacts 01:10:38.440 --> 01:10:41.440 and networks you have for the future. 01:10:41.440 --> 01:10:45.440 I, for example, started doing mathematics here in Spain, in one area 01:10:45.440 --> 01:10:49.440 of ​​knowledge. I went on a postdoc, where I learned other things, 01:10:49.440 --> 01:10:53.440 and I'm practically doing the things I learned on the job. A lot of 01:10:53.440 --> 01:10:57.440 evolution has to do with where you are, and maybe I'm here because of 01:10:57.440 --> 01:11:00.680 everything, not just what I did at the Autonomous 01:11:00.680 --> 01:11:03.680 University, but also what I did abroad. My joining the CSIC. 01:11:13.440 --> 01:11:16.680 Hello, good morning, thank you for the presentation, very interesting. 01:11:16.720 --> 01:11:20.400 I wanted to ask a question regarding, for example, the very well structured process 01:11:20.400 --> 01:11:22.240 of gathering R2 from R3. 01:11:22.240 --> 01:11:25.840 R4 I wanted to ask when that process might not be 01:11:25.840 --> 01:11:28.840 in that order, and that's the case I'm in. 01:11:28.840 --> 01:11:32.840 When you sometimes go on a PhD, you do the PhD a little later because you have 01:11:32.840 --> 01:11:36.840 already started in previous research in some way, because of your research 01:11:36.840 --> 01:11:40.600 master's degree, because you work on interesting projects and you come from 01:11:40.600 --> 01:11:42.480 the private sector and you get into it. 01:11:42.480 --> 01:11:46.160 How is this reflected in university research? 01:11:46.200 --> 01:11:48.440 When it is done and when it is finally finished. 01:11:48.440 --> 01:11:52.080 And then what future does it have in terms of opportunities, scholarships, and 01:11:52.080 --> 01:11:53.920 collaborations? 01:11:53.920 --> 01:11:57.920 For example, when you want to apply for an FPI or an FPU grant, you 01:11:57.920 --> 01:12:01.920 can't because of your academic record; you can't because you've 01:12:01.920 --> 01:12:05.360 been out of university for many years and it's done differently, which has been my 01:12:05.360 --> 01:12:07.120 case. 01:12:07.280 --> 01:12:11.400 But there is an academic or research record. 01:12:11.680 --> 01:12:15.840 What would you recommend as a process to follow when starting a PhD? 01:12:15.920 --> 01:12:19.600 Well, no, maybe in that direct way, with a degree, master's, doctorate, the 01:12:19.600 --> 01:12:21.480 trajectory changes a bit. 01:12:21.480 --> 01:12:24.840 What I was saying is that careers are so varied and so rich that I'm not clear on 01:12:24.840 --> 01:12:26.560 many paths. 01:12:26.800 --> 01:12:30.520 One can be FPI, one can have been in the company again, but the FPI does 01:12:30.520 --> 01:12:33.520 not require you to have had another predoctoral program. 01:12:33.520 --> 01:12:35.400 So there are opportunities. 01:12:35.400 --> 01:12:39.400 Is it true that in the end this is all a competitive process and maybe in 01:12:39.400 --> 01:12:43.400 terms of evaluations it's not always the same, and I think that's what's 01:12:43.400 --> 01:12:47.400 changing a lot, because there are those of us who have been around for a 01:12:47.400 --> 01:12:51.400 few years, we're more used to the processes, academic standards, degree, 01:12:51.400 --> 01:12:55.400 master's or are there no longer degrees, bachelor's, master's, doctorate 01:12:55.400 --> 01:12:59.000 and often these profiles of people who come and go, right? 01:12:59.280 --> 01:13:03.280 Sometimes, with our own biases, when we evaluate, we don't see them as 01:13:03.280 --> 01:13:06.600 such; we say that maybe they've been out for a reason, but I think that's changing 01:13:06.600 --> 01:13:08.280 a lot. 01:13:08.280 --> 01:13:10.920 I think that right now it is highly valued and there are many people who have 01:13:10.920 --> 01:13:12.280 left, companies have 01:13:12.280 --> 01:13:15.360 returned, and people who have done their thesis, gone to companies and then 01:13:15.360 --> 01:13:18.360 talked about the world of research and the opportunities are the same. 01:13:18.360 --> 01:13:21.200 All you need is a solid track record. 01:13:21.200 --> 01:13:24.080 What's important is a solid track record and what you can offer. 01:13:24.080 --> 01:13:25.360 But it is happening. 01:13:25.360 --> 01:13:28.800 I do see people who come and go both years, they come back and I don't see a 01:13:28.800 --> 01:13:30.520 problem. 01:13:30.520 --> 01:13:34.520 Perhaps it's not true that it's so simple, because when you step outside the 01:13:34.520 --> 01:13:38.520 usual circuit, you don't always have this kind of varied career. Also, but 01:13:38.520 --> 01:13:41.960 part of my presentation was about that, that the system is changing 01:13:41.960 --> 01:13:44.960 in such a way that this is becoming more and more natural. 01:13:44.960 --> 01:13:46.560 A few years ago it was unthinkable. 01:13:46.560 --> 01:13:49.200 I think that practically everyone who did a thesis had finished their degree the 01:13:49.200 --> 01:13:50.560 previous 01:13:50.560 --> 01:13:53.200 year and now doesn't; now there are many, many people who are going to do it, 01:13:53.200 --> 01:13:54.560 people, for 01:13:54.560 --> 01:13:56.880 example, who do their thesis, go to a high school and then return to a 01:13:56.880 --> 01:13:58.040 university. 01:13:58.040 --> 01:14:00.640 These things are already happening and are becoming more and more normal. 01:14:00.640 --> 01:14:02.280 Now 01:14:02.280 --> 01:14:04.680 He also spoke about the public system. 01:14:04.680 --> 01:14:07.680 We also have some private universities quite close by. 01:14:08.000 --> 01:14:12.000 Right now, by the law itself they are going to need doctors, they are going 01:14:12.000 --> 01:14:15.080 to remove doctors, which means he has an added doctorate. 01:14:15.080 --> 01:14:16.040 And this is a reality. 01:14:16.040 --> 01:14:16.360 Because? 01:14:16.360 --> 01:14:19.080 Because the law requires it, and he also had a doctorate number. 01:14:19.080 --> 01:14:22.200 Why is it not true that in Spain we are not yet 01:14:22.200 --> 01:14:25.200 so used to having public universities? 01:14:25.200 --> 01:14:27.840 There are universities that do very good research, for example in Navarra, but in 01:14:27.840 --> 01:14:29.200 the 01:14:29.200 --> 01:14:31.840 United States, where there are many public and private universities and many 01:14:31.840 --> 01:14:33.200 of the 01:14:33.200 --> 01:14:36.280 best private universities, that's where very good research is done. 01:14:36.280 --> 01:14:37.000 That too. 01:14:37.000 --> 01:14:39.880 And then there is also the exclusively teaching path. 01:14:39.880 --> 01:14:42.200 I believe it is true that if you are not a researcher you always have to be 01:14:42.200 --> 01:14:43.400 researched, but there are 01:14:43.400 --> 01:14:45.400 people who dedicate themselves to teaching and I think that is also a 01:14:45.400 --> 01:14:46.400 possibility. 01:14:46.400 --> 01:14:50.400 I mean, I don't think things are changing and maybe we're not 01:14:50.400 --> 01:14:54.640 seeing that change yet, but the whole evaluation process is changing. 01:14:54.680 --> 01:14:57.920 They are giving more value to many of those things than in the past. 01:14:57.960 --> 01:15:00.600 It is true that the grade in the file still matters and will continue to 01:15:00.600 --> 01:15:01.960 matter, because 01:15:01.960 --> 01:15:05.240 it is also a filter and because you have many applications that you have to 01:15:05.240 --> 01:15:06.880 evaluate in a very short time. 01:15:06.920 --> 01:15:10.920 So there are things like this, but I think that profiles are becoming more 01:15:10.920 --> 01:15:14.400 and more enriched and these kinds of things are being valued more 01:15:14.400 --> 01:15:17.400 and more, because the company is also opening its mind. 01:15:17.440 --> 01:15:17.920 There's a lot.